Abstracts
(The abstracts are reproduced in that language the papers
were given during the conference)
»»Marxism and the Social Construction of Sexuality: Towards a Reapproachment
»»„Sex" in queer times: Körper, Praktiken und Identitäten
»»British socialist women and sexual politics in the 1920s
»»‚Le Feu du sang (Fire in the blood). Daniel Guérin, the working class and homosexuality.‘
»»Sexualaufklärung im Arbeitermilieu, Geschlechtskrankheiten und staatliche Eheberatung im ersten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts
»»„Teach Your Children Well: Debates over children‘s sexual education in Red Vienna"
»»Sex Reform in Sweden. RFSU, the Swedish Association for Sex Education , in the 1930´s and 1940´s
»»The Progressive-Era Dance Hall Reform Movement in the United States: To Control or Protect Working-Class Girls?
»»Representation of abortion in popular culture in Weimar Germany
»»Generatives Regime, Sozialmilieu und Sozialismus bei den BaumwollweberInnen von Lancashire
»»Der Diskurs über die Reproduktion in sozialistischen Bulgarien - Eingriff und Realitätsverleugnung
»»La sexualité des milieux populaires en France (XIX-XXèmes siècles) : représentations et pratiques
»»Sex and Sexuality on the Shop Floor: U.S. Auto Factories, 1930-1960
»»Knowledge, Attitude and Practice ( KAP) study of the Jute workers in West Bengal, India
»»Putting sex in context: a materialist-feminist analysis of the sexual regulation of Aboriginal and working-class girls in mid-twentieth century Canada
»»Sexual Harassment in Work Environment and Sexual Policies within People‘s Republic of China
»»Class, Sexuality and the Politics of Transnationalism
»»Social Construction of Sexuality, Risk and Reproductive Health amongst Young Men in Dahab
»»The Refashioning of Sexuality in a Colonial Society: „Dancing Girls" and Social Transformation in Colonial Andhra
»»Sexualpolitik in Russand in den 20er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts
»»Sexualität im Diskurs von „Kritik und Selbstkritik" in der Sowjetunion der 30er Jahre
»»Frauen und Sexualitätsdebatten in der anarchistischen Presse in Spanien 1923-1937
»»Economies of Pleasure and Laws of Desire: Temporary Marriage in Post-Revolutionary Iran
»»Unruly Black Bodies: Power, Culture, Ideology, And the Making of Afro Cuban Male Sexualities
Paul Reynolds
CSSS and Social Movements Research Group, Edge Hill College
Ormskirk, United Kingdom
reynoldp@edgehill.ac.uk
Marxism and the Social Construction of Sexuality: Towards a Reapproachment
Edge (1995) typifies the response of most thinkers on sexuality to Marxism:
[…] the Marxist tradition has no more influence on the modern lesbian and gay movement than it deserves. Gay Marxists who are encouraged by their straight comrades and leaders to shun the very real gains won since the GLF by an autonomous lesbian and gay movement are being seduced into an essentially heterosexist project where gay issues are sidelined.
Much of the best and most critical contemporary theorising of sexuality has come from thinkers like Plummer (micro-sociological perspectives), Foucault (post-structuralist perspectives) or Seidman (Queer perspectives) amongst others. Whilst contemporary critics such as D‘Emilio, Evans and Field have represented Marxist concerns in their writings about sexuality, they have not developed a coherent theorisation of the relationship between class, sexuality and Marxist theory. This is not surprising. Marx said virtually nothing about sexuality. Marxists from Engels to Kollontai theorised sexuality in contradiction with class imperatives. From Reich to Fromm and Marcuse, Marxists entangled sexuality and Freud with critical thinking to produce unevenly eccentric (Reich) to energised conceptions of the libidinous nature of revolutionary thought and politics, but this became troubled by issues of sexual identity and diversity.
This paper seeks to explore how Marxist theory can respond to contemporary theories of sexuality - particularly social constructionist and queer - and begins to develop a materialist conceptual agenda upon which Marxists can develop a politics of sexuality. Four criteria are particularly critical - sexual identities and space as constructed within culture, consumption, commodification and class; the materiality of desire and the body, particularly in the construction of sensuousness in the context of property, ownership, power and labour; the discursive construction of sexuality and critical conceptions of sexual aesthetics and discourse ethics in reconstructing sexual subjects in social context; and the hegemonic construction of sexual oppression, liberation and transformation.
This paper is a draft of the contemporary theoretical chapter of a larger project charting the contribution of Marxism to studies in sexuality.
Paul Reynolds
is Senior Lecturer in Politics and Sociology at Edge Hill College. He is
researching in the areas of left critiques of contemporary social theory
with special reference to post-Marxism and the politics of identity. He
has written extensively on sexual politics and citizenship. His most recent
publications include Cowling M and Reynolds P (eds.) (2000) Marxism Millennium
and Beyond (London: Palgrave) and Fagan T and Reynolds P (2002 Forthcoming)
The Politics of Disability (London: Sage). He is part of the editorial board
of Historical Materialism: Research in Critical Marxist Theory, and on the
Advisory Board of Studies in Marxism.
Elisabeth Holzleithner
Institut für Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtstheorie,
Universität Wien
elisabeth.holzleithner@univie.ac.at
„Sex" in queer times: Körper, Praktiken und Identitäten
Queer Theory hat in den vergangenen Jahren die
gängigen Vorstellungen von Körper(praktiken) und Identitäten
gehörig durcheinander gewirbelt und sich zu einer permanenten Unruhestifterin
in Theorie und (politischer) Praxis entwickelt. Queers - Lesben, Schwule,
Bisexuelle, TransGenders, Intersexuelle u.a. - wenden sich gegen diskriminierende
Institutionen und normalisierende Zuschreibungen, welche nicht nur vom heterosexuellen
Mainstream, sondern auch innerhalb der einzelnen Gruppen an sie heran getragen
werden. Somit geht es im Wesentlichen um den Versuch einer nicht-diskriminierenden
Neubeschreibung und Neuformierung von sexuellen und geschlechtlichen Identitäten,
die einerseits als kontingent und instabil, andererseits als existentiell
wahrgenommen werden. Der ausgesprochene Pluralismus der Queer Theory hat
ihr im Gegenzug den Vorwurf der Beliebigkeit eingetragen; das Bestehen auf
der konstitutiven Bedeutung der „Darstellung" von Körperpraktiken
für Identitäten wird als postmoderne Verspieltheit kritisiert,
die sich des Ernstes der Lage sexueller Minoritäten in einem Regime
rechtlicher und sozialer Diskriminierungen nicht hinreichend bewusst sei.
Der Vortrag möchte sich diesen Themen widmen und queer als Begriff
verwenden, anlässlich dessen die Bedeutungen von Körpern und Identitäten
verhandelt und politisiert werden können.
Elisabeth Holzleithner
Dr. iur., geboren 1970, Studium der Rechtswissenschaften an der Universität
Wien. Universitätsassistentin am Institut für Rechtsphilosophie
und Rechtstheorie. 1994-2001 Vorsitzende des Arbeitskreises für Gleichbehandlungsfragen
der Universität Wien. Lektorin im Rahmen des Feministischen Grundstudiums
am Rosa Mayreder College. Lehre, Forschung und Publikationen in den Bereichen
Gleichbehandlung und Konzeptionen des Sexuellen, zuletzt u.a. Die Queer-Debatte,
in: Forschungsjournal Neue Soziale Bewegungen, Heft 4/2000, 14-23; Das Recht
der Verführung. Pornographie und die De-Stabilisierung geschlechtlicher
Identitäten, in: Doris Guth/Elisabeth Samsonow (Hg.), SexPolitik. Lust
zwischen Restriktion und Subversion, Wien 2001, 40-55; Kein Fortschritt
in der Liebe? Gerechtigkeit und Anerkennung in Nahbeziehungen, in: Peter
Koller (Hrsg.), Gerechtigkeit im politischen Diskurs der Gegenwart, Wien:
Passagen Verlag 2001, 235-262. Käthe Leichter Preis für die Frauengeschichte
der Arbeiterinnen- und Arbeiterbewegung 2001; Gabriele Possanner Förderpreis
für wissenschaftliche Leistungen, die der Geschlechterdemokratie in
Österreich förderlich sind 2001 (für die Dissertation Grenzziehungen.
Pornographie, Recht und Moral).
Karen Hunt, June Hannam
Manchester Metropolitan University
k.hunt@mmu.ac.uk
Department of History and Economic History University of the West of England,
St Matthias campus, Bristol
june.hannam@uwe.ac.uk
British socialist women and sexual politics
in the 1920s
From the late nineteenth century onwards socialist
women challenged the conventional separation made between public and private
life and sought to make socialism more sensitive to gender inequalities.
During the 1920s a key site in which they contested the conventional wisdom
that ‚personal‘ questions were marginal for socialists was the
campaign for free birth control information to be provided by local authority
clinics. The details of the campaign itself are well known, in particular
the obstacles women faced from within the Labour Party. Far less attention
has been given, however, to the ideas of women from the socialist group,
the Independent Labour Party (ILP), who spearheaded the campaign. When these
ideas are discussed it is assumed that the emphasis was on ‚class justice‘,
the abolition of poverty and the saving of working women‘s lives. It
is suggested here that this interpretation stems from a reliance on Labour
Party conference reports and official newspapers such as Labour Woman. If
a wider range of sources is used, including selected local socialist newspapers,
journals of the birth control movement, ILP conference reports and personal
testimony of women campaigners, a more complex picture emerges in which
the views of both working-class and middle-class socialist women can be
explored. It will be argued in this paper that socialist women saw birth
control as an aspect of women‘s sexual self determination, rather than
just as a class issue. In challenging the views of those such as Marion
Phillips, chief woman officer of the Labour Party, that 'sex should be kept
out of politics', they sought to re-define the nature of socialism itself.
Birth control, therefore, raised in an acute form the extent to which personal
issues, in particular the relationship between men and women, and between
emancipation and sexual pleasure, should be seen as political questions
which were central, rather than peripheral, to the socialist project.
Karen Hunt, Dr.
Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Economic History, Manchester
Metropolitan University.
Editor, Labour History Review
Member, Executive Committee of (British) Society for the Study of Labour
History.
Secretary/Treasurer, International Federation for Research in Women‘s
History.
Recent publications:
books:
with June Hannam, Socialist Women. Britain, 1880s to1920s (London: Routledge,
2001) ISBN 0 415 14220 2 (cased), 0 415 26639 4 (paperback), 232 + viiipp.
Equivocal Feminists: the Social Democratic Federation and the Woman Question,
1884-1911 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) ISBN 0 521 55451
9 , 296 + xiiipp.
chapters and articles:
‚Negotiating the boundaries of the domestic: British socialist women
and the politics of consumption‘, Women‘s History Review, 9, 2,
2000, ISSN 0961 2025, pp.389-410.
‚„The immense meaning of it all": the challenges of internationalism
for British socialist women before the First World war‘, Socialist
History, 17, 2000, ISBN 1 85489 119 7, ISSN 0969 4331, pp.22-42.
‚Journeying through suffrage: the politics of Dora Montefiore‘
in C. Eustance, J. Ryan & L. Ugolini (eds), A Suffrage Reader: charting
directions in British suffrage history (London, Leicester University Press,
2000) ISBN 0 7185 0177 2(cased), 0 7185 0178 0 (paperback), pp.162-76.
with June Hannam, ‚Gendering the Stories of Socialism: an essay in
historical criticism‘ in M. Walsh (ed.), Working Out Gender: perspectives
from labour history (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999) ISBN 0 7546 0058 0, pp.102-18.
with June Hannam, ‚Propagandising as Socialist Women: the case of the
women‘s columns in British socialist newspapers, 1884-1914' in B.Taithe
& T.Thornton(eds), Propaganda. Political Rhetoric & Identity 1300-2000
(Stroud: Sutton, 1999) ISBN 0 7509 2028 9 (cased), ISBN 0 7509 2029 7 (paperback),
pp.167- 82.
‚Fractured universality: the language of British socialism before the
First World War‘ in J. Belchem & N. Kirk (eds), Languages of Labour
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997) ISBN 1 85928 428 0, pp.65-80.
June Hannam, Dr.
Reader in History, University of the West of England.
Book reviews editor Women‘s History Review
Board member Labour History Review and International Journal of Nursing
History
Series editor (with professor Pauline Stafford‘ of ‚Women, Power
and Politics‘ for Continuum
Recent Publications
Books:
With Karen Hunt, Socialist Women. Britain 1880s to 1920s (London: Routledge,
2001)
With Mitzi Auchterlonie and Katherine Holden, International Encyclopaedia
of Women‘s Suffrage (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2000)
Isabella Ford, 1855-1924 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989)
Chapters:
‚New histories of the labour movement‘, in A.M.Gallagher, C. Lubelska
and L. Ryan (eds), Re-presenting the Past: Women and History (London: Longman,
2001)
‚„I had not been to London": women‘s suffrage- a view
from the regions‘, in J. Purvis and S.S.Holton (eds), Votes for Women
(London: Routledge, 2000)
‚„Suffragettes are splendid for any work": the Blathwayt
diaries as a source for suffrage history‘, in C.Eustance, J.Ryan and
L.Ugolini (eds), A Suffrage reader: Charting Directions in British Suffrage
History (London: Leicester University Press, 2000)
with Karen Hunt, ‚Gendering the stories of socialism: an essay in historical
criticism‘, in M.Walsh (ed) Working Out gender: Perspectives from Labour
History (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999)
with Karen Hunt, ‚Propagandising as socialist women: the case of the
women‘s columns in British socialist newspapers, 1884-1914', in B.Taithe
and T.Thornton (eds), Propaganda. Political rhetoric & identity 1300-2000
(Stroud: Sutton, 1999)
‚Women, history and protest‘, in V.Robinson and D.Richardson (eds),
Introducing Women‘s Studies (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997 2nd revised
edition)
David Berry
Loughborough University, United Kingdom
d.g.berry@lboro.ac.uk
‚Le Feu du sang (Fire in the blood). Daniel
Guérin, the working class and homosexuality.‘
Daniel Guérin (1904-88) was a unique and
pioneering figure on the French Left, both as an activist and a writer.
Born into the liberal ‚grande bourgeoisie‘, he rejected his own
class to com-mit himself to cause of the working class. Active in many fields,
he made theoretical contributions in the interpretation of fascism, the
historiography of the French Revolution, colonialism, sexuality and ‚gay
lib‘, the critique of leninism and the synthesis of marxism and libertarianism.
Guérin was often ahead of his time and tackled subjects which have
kept their contemporary relevance. He was also an incisive intellect and
respected as such by figures such as Trotsky and Sartre.
After having been obliged to hide his homosexuality for many years from
his labour movement comrades, Guérin began to campaign openly against
the repression of homosexuality in the 1950s, and would later combine this
with his revolutionary politics in the ‚Front Homosexuel d‘Action
Révolutionnaire‘. The oppression of gays was in Guérin‘s
eyes akin to the oppression of the working class, of blacks in the USA and
of the colonized peoples: the only solution to all these forms of oppression
was ‚an anti-authoritarian revolution‘.
In Guérin‘s personal life, there was a close link between his
discovery of his homosexuality and his discovery of the young proletarian
males of 1920s Paris, between his attraction to socialism and his attraction
to young, working-class men - both in France and, later, in the colonies.
This paper proposes to examine this leitmotif in Guérin‘s life
in an attempt to understand why he came to espouse the cause of the working
class; and how his understanding of ‚permanent revolution‘ informed
his approach both to the struggle against colonialism and racism and against
homophobia. The paper will draw on Guérin‘s autobiographies
and other published works; on the very few secondary publications on Guérin;
and on Guérin‘s personal archives in the Bibliothèque
de documentation internationale (Nanterre).
Stefan Bajohr
Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, Abt. f. Politikwissenschaft, Heinrich-Heine-Univertsität, D-40225 Düsseldorf
stefan.bajohr@mail.isis.de
Sexualaufklärung im Arbeitermilieu, Geschlechtskrankheiten und staatliche Eheberatung im ersten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts
Überlegungen aufgrund einer Fallstudie im Herzogtum/Freistaat Braunschweig unter Verwendung mündlicher Quellen aus den Geburtsjahrgängen 1890-1914
Der Beengtheit des Arbeiterfamilienwohnens wurde von den Zeitgenossinnen und Zeitgenossen angelastet, eine „Ungeniertheit der Eltern" zu begünstigen, so dass den Kindern „wenig verborgen" bleibe. Dies zu unterbinden, richteten Familien im braunschweigischen Arbeitermilieu kaum überwindbare „Schambarrieren" auf. Zärtlichkeiten der Eltern untereinander kamen selten vor; körperliche Kontakte mit den Kindern beschränkten sich auf das unumgängliche Minimum. Die Kinder sahen und hörten zwar manches; es unterlag aber einer 'Schweigepflicht'.
An die Stelle von Elternhäusern und Schulen (deren Lehrkräfte ebenfalls schwiegen) traten mit und nach dem I. Weltkrieg die proletarischen Jugendorganisationen, denen die Sexualaufklärung als „einer der wichtigsten Punkte im Erziehungs- und Bildungsprogramm" galt. Wie die Eltern, so versuchten aber auch sie, die Jugendlichen möglichst lange von sexuellen Erfahrungen fern zu halten. Der Grund hierfür sollte indes nicht überwiegend in Sexualfeindlichkeit oder proletarischer Prüderie gesucht werden. Mehr noch als heutzutage die Furcht vor AIDS überschattete die damalige Gesellschaft die Angst vor der Ansteckung mit Geschlechtskrankheiten, die bis zur Verfügbarkeit des Penicillins schreckeneinflößend blieben. Aufklärung im Arbeitermilieu war daher stets mit dem Hinweis auf gesundheitliche Gefahren verbunden - ohne dass den Jugendlichen etwas über Liebe, Erotik und die Möglichkeiten des Schutzes vor Ansteckung gesagt worden wäre. In Braunschweig waren Geschlechtskrankheiten im Arbeitermilieu nicht selten und sie breiteten mit dem I. Weltkrieg aus. Das hohe Interesse an diesem Thema belegen die Zahlen der BesucherInnen von Ausstellungen über venerische Erkrankungen.
Zum Schutz vor deren Folgen wurden in Braunschweig Eheberatungsstellen eingerichtet, in denen Verlobte über erbgesundheitliche Fragen beraten werden sollten, die „für die Ehe und die Nachkommenschaft von Bedeutung sind". Hieran zeigte die Bevölkerung nahezu kein Interesse, obwohl die Werbung dafür massiv war. Während im benachbarten Hannover eine entsprechende Stelle ihr Aufgabenspektrum um Sexualberatung erweiterte, wurde dies in Braunschweig vehement bekämpft. Statt zuverlässiger Auskunft in Sexualangelegenheiten blieb das braunschweigische Proletariat auf den Postversand von Aufklärungsliteratur zweifelhaften Ursprungs und Werts angewiesen, für den in der sozialistischen Presse eifrig geworben wurde.
Stefan Bajohr, Dr.
geboren 1950
1969-1971 journalistische Ausbildung in Niedersachsen
1971-1972 ziviler Ersatzdienst in Bielefeld-Bethel
1972-1978 Studium der Geschichte, Soziologie und Politikwissenschaft in Bielefeld, Zürich, Marburg/Lahn
1977 Magister Artium
1978 Dr. phil.
1979-1980 Wiss. Mitarbeiter und Lehrbeauftragter, Univ. Marburg/Lahn
1980-1982 Wiss. Berater im Bundeskanzleramt, Bonn
1982-1985 Angestellter im Ministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
1985-1990 Persönlicher Referent des Vorsitzenden der SPD-Landtagsfraktion Nordhein-Westfalen
1990-1995 Leitender Ministerialrat im Ministerium für Stadtentwicklung und Verkehr des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
1995-2000 Abgeordneter im Landtag Nordrhein-Westfalen, haushalts- und finanzpolitischer Sprecher der Fraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grünen
seit 2000 Leitender Ministerialrat im Ministerium für Städtebau und Wohnen, Kultur und Sport des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, zuständig für Städtebau und Denkmalschutz
Lehrbeauftragter am Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften (Politikwissenschaft I) der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
seit 2001 Vorsitzender des Stiftungsrates der Stiftung Preußen-Museum Nordrhein-Westfalen
Mitglied des Vorstandes der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Historische Ortskerne in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Britta McEwen
University of California, Los Angeles
bmcewen@ucla.edu
„Teach Your Children Well: Debates over children‘s
sexual education in Red Vienna"
My paper explores socialist efforts to reshape the sexual
culture of Interwar Vienna by changing the ways in which children were informed
about sex. The debate over when, how, and from whom children should receive
sexual knowledge in Austria predates the first Republic. However, with the
increasing cultural power of the Social Democratic party in Vienna during
the 1920's, the question of „what to tell the kids" took on new
political meanings. The challenge of children‘s sexual education prompted
the Catholic Church in Austria to reembroider upon familiar themes of purity
and heavenly love, and likewise forced Socialist reformers to define a code
of ethics without original sin, creating a discourse of responsibility and
sublimation that were to extend into the working classes‘ intimate
lives. The question of sexual education also served as an introduction of
outside forces into the family realm, as both Social Democratic and Catholic
groups inserted their authority into the home. The result of this collective
concern was a wide range of popular and educational publications about sexual
Aufklärung (literally, „enlightenment") for children. These
articles, pamphlets, books, and lecture notes form the backbone of my paper.
Using them, I will show that the question of sexual education formed a cornerstone,
for both reformers and traditionalists, of the construction of a child's
view of their gender role and thus their role in society. These competing
visions of how the neue Menschen of the first Republic would love, procreate,
and replenish the nation are ever present in my sources, just visible behind
the sometimes romantic, sometimes scientific presentations of concerned
socialists, priests, parents, and teachers.
Britta Isabelle McEwen, Dr.
Dissertation: „Model City, Moral Choices: Sexuality in Red Vienna,
1919-1934" (Committee Chair: Professor David Sabean, UCLA)
Education
University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California (1996-continuing)
Ph.D. Candidate in History, European field, cumulative GPA 3.9
Master of Arts, June 1998
Advanced to Candidacy, June 1999
Scripps College
Claremont, California (1991-1995)
Bachelor of Arts, May 1995; European Studies major / French minor
Study Abroad: Universität Wien / Université de Paris X Nanterre
Honors Thesis: „Municipal Housing in Red Vienna, 1919-1934"
Employment
Research Assistant
Getty Research Institute, 2001-present
Visiting Fellow Dr. Charles Harrison, research in French and German
Teaching Fellow
UCLA, 2000-2001
History 99: The Rise of Eugenic Social Thought in Europe
History 99: Decadence and Degeneration in Europe, 1870-1933
Teaching Assistant
UCLA, 1997-1998
Western Civilizations, A, B, and C
19th-Century American History
Social History of Women in America, 1860-present.
Reader
UCLA, 1999-2000
Professor Saul Friedländer, The Third Reich and the Jews, Fall 2000
Professor Albion Urdank, Western Civilizations C, Summer 1999
Conferences
UCLA European Colloquium
„Creating More Perfect Unions: Clinic Culture In Interwar Vienna"
Spring 2000
Awards
UCLA Center for European and Russian Studies Dissertation Grant, Spring
2001
UCLA Teaching Fellowship, 2000-2001
Fulbright Fellow (Austria), 1999-2000
Berkeley Center for European Studies Pre-dissertation Grant, 1998
UCLA Center for the Study of Women Travel Grant, 1998
UCLA Four-Year Departmental Fellowship, History, 1996
Lena Lennerhed
Södertörn University College
141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
lena.lennerhed@sh.se
Sex Reform in Sweden. RFSU, the Swedish Association
for Sex Education , in the 1930´s and 1940´s
RFSU, Riksförbundet för sexuell upplysning,
was founded in 1933 by Elise Ottesen-Jensen, sex educator and journalist
in the syndicalist press, a group of socialist doctors and representatives
from the labor movement. During the first years, RFSU started a clinic,
a company that produced and sold contraceptives, a laboratory for pregnancy
tests, a home for unwed mothers, sold sex advice litterature and published
the paper Sexualfrågan („the Sexual Issue"). Local branches
of RFSU were founded all over the country.
In its program from 1934, RFSU demanded introduction of sex education in
schools, the set up of clinics all over Sweden, abolition of the contraceptive
law ( information about contraceptives was forbidden) and free contraceptives
for the poor, the right to abortion and sterilisation on medical, eugenic
and social grounds, and decriminalisation of homosexual contacts.
In the paper, RFSU´s view on contraceptives, abortion and sterilisations
will be discussed, related to the intense debate at the time and to the
official policy. It will be shown that the policy of RFSU changed, parallel
to a professionalisation of the organisation. A political perspective on
sexual issues, which included a will to change society, was to a large extent
replaced by a medical and psychological perspective that focused on the
individual and his or her ability to adjust within society.
The paper will also highlight Max Hodann´s work at RFSU as a refugee
in Sweden, as well as Ottesen-Jensen´s contacts with Rudolf (Edward)
Elkan.
Lena Lennerhed, PhD
PhD in History of Ideas at Stockholm University 1994
Diss.: Frihet att njuta. Sexualdebatten i Sverige på 1960-talet („The
Pursuit of Pleasure. The Sex-Debate in Sweden in the 1960´s")
Assistant Professor at Södertörn University College since 1999.
A book on the history of RFSU will be published (in Swedish) in winter 2002.
Elisabeth Perry
John Francis Bannon Professor of History, Interim Director
of Women's Studies
Saint Louis University
perrye@slu.edu
The Progressive-Era Dance Hall Reform Movement
in the United States: To Control or Protect Working-Class Girls?
American dance halls were highly popular places
of amusement for working classes at the turn of the 20th century. Urban
youth, who had migrated to the cities to take up factory, sales, or clerical
work, found them especially attractive. Admission was cheap and they were
easily accessible. They also offered numerous possibilities for meeting
the opposite sex.
The sexual liaisons that resulted from dance hall contacts did not always
turn out well. According to social workers, Stephen Crane's fictional „Maggie
of the Streets," who got into „bad company" at a saloon-dance
hall and ended up a suicide, was a common tale of the times. Most dance
halls were commercial enterprises. Beyond maintaining order, their managers
were uninterested in propriety. They offered alcoholic drinks to thirsty
patrons without distinguishing among those who were underage or already
drunk.
In the early 1900s, social reformers - primarily middle class settlement
and community workers - became sufficiently concerned about the „dance
hall problem" to attempt to bring middle-class standards of social
chaperonage and proper social decorum into commercial amusements. The social
workers knew the importance of recreation to working-class life. They had
no intention of abolishing dance halls; they planned only to clean them
up. They took a two-pronged approach. First, they looked to government to
regulate dance halls through fire and safety codes and liquor laws. Second,
they created „intentional" dance halls, venues which made available
social chaperonage (in the form of „friendly" adult supervision),
non-alcoholic beverages, and „proper" music and dancing styles
(as opposed to the ragtime, jazz, and tango dance styles then „all
the rage").
My paper reviews the movement's major features and assesses its impact.
It asks: how did dance hall reformers construct working-class sexuality?
Was their reform movement more about protection or control? To what extent
did their concerns about working girls' sexuality reflect worries about
changing sexual mores in their own social class? What inter-class tensions
did the reform create?
Elisabeth Israels Perry
EDUCATION Bard College, 1956-1958; Brandeis University, 1958-1959;
University of California at Los Angeles: B.A. in History, 1960; Ph.D. in
History, 1967
ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS
Interim Director of Women's Studies, Saint Louis University, 2001-2002
John Francis Bannon Professor of History, Saint Louis University, 1999-present
Research Professor of History, Vanderbilt University, 1998-99
Director, Master's Program in Women's History, Sarah Lawrence College, 1993-97
Daniel M. Lyons Visiting Professor of American History, Brooklyn
College-CUNY, 1991-92
Associate Professor of History, Vanderbilt University, 1984-93 (half-time)
Visiting Asst. Professor: Univs. of Iowa, 1983-84; Indiana, Spr., 1983;
Cincinnati, 1981-82
Visiting Asst. Professor of History, 1970-71; Director, Vico College
(Residential Humanities Program), SUNY at Buffalo, 1970-78 (part-time)
Assistant Professor of History, University of Colorado, 1967-69
Lecturer in History, California State College at Long Beach, 1966-67
RELATED PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS
Harry Jack Gray Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of Hartford,
1995-96
Director, „Feminist Classics in American Culture," National Endowment
for
the Humanities Summer Seminars for School Teachers, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1995,
2000
BOOKS PUBLISHED
From Theology to History: French Religious Controversy and the Revocation
of the Edict of Nantes. Martinus Nijhoff, 1973.
Belle Moskowitz: Feminine Politics and the Exercise of Power in the Age
of Alfred E. Smith. Oxford, 1987; Routledge, 1992; Northeastern University
Press, 2000.
The Challenge of Feminist Biography: Writing the Lives of Modern American
Women (S. Alpern, J. Antler, & I. W. Scobie, co-editors). Illinois,
1992.
America: Pathways to the Present (Andrew Cayton & Allan Winkler,
co-authors). Prentice Hall, 1994.
Women in Action: Rebels and Reformers, 1920-1980 National League of Women
Voters, 1995.
We Have Come to Stay: American Women and Political Parties, 1880-1960,
co-edited with Kristie Miller and Melanie Gustafson. University of New
Mexico Press, 1999.
OAH Magazine of History, guest ed., special issue on the Progressive Era,
1999.
Current projects:
Behind the Scenes: Women and Politics in New York City, 1917-1970
SELECTED OTHER PUBLICATIONS
„Training for Public Life: Eleanor Roosevelt and Women's Political
Networks . . . in the 1920s," in Without Precedent: The Life and Career
of Eleanor Roosevelt (Indiana, 1984), 28-45.
„Women's Political Choices after Suffrage: the Women's City Club of
New
York, 1915-present," New York History LXII/4 (October 1990), 417-34.
„‚The Very Best Influence': Josephine Holloway and Girl Scouting
for
Nashville's African- American Community," Tennessee Historical Quarterly
LII/2 (Summer 1993), 73-85.
„From Achievement to Happiness: Girl Scouting in Middle Tennessee,
1910s-1960s," Journal of Women's History V/2 (Fall 1993), 75-94.
„‚Now At Last We Can Begin!' The Impact of Woman Suffrage in New
York," in
Calvin Coolidge and the Coolidge Era: Essays on the History of the 1920s
(Hanover, N.H., 1998), 273-88.
„Defying the Party Whip: Mary Garrett Hay and the Republican Party,
1917-1920," in We Have Come to Stay, Gustafson, Miller, and Perry,
eds.
(Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1999), 97-107.
„Culture, Strategy, and Politics in the New York Campaign for Women's
Jury
Service, 1917- 1975," New York History LXXXII/1 (Winter 2001), 53-78.
„Men Are From the Gilded Age, Women Are From the Progressive Era,"
Journal
of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (forthcoming, January 2002)
SELECTED HONORS AND AWARDS
U. S. Government Grant (Fulbright), Paris, 1964; Research Grants: New
School for Social Research (1975, 1981), Ctr. for Research on Women,
Wellesley (1976), Eleanor Roosevelt Inst. (1978), American Council of
Learned Societies (1978, 1991), Vanderbilt Univ. (l986), Schlesinger
Library, Radcliffe College, (1992); Senior Fellowship, NEH, 1980-81;
Manuscript Prize (for Belle Moskowitz), NYS Historical Assoc., 1987;
Lecturer, USIS (India, France), 1988; Susan J. Koppelman Award (for
Challenge of Feminist Biography), Popular Culture and American Culture
Assocs., 1992; Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive
Era, Program Chair & President elect, 1996-1998, President 1998-2000;
Organization of American Historians Distinguished Lecturer for 2001-2004.
Cornelie Usborne
Reader in European History, University of Surrey Roehampton
e-mail: C.Usborne@roehampton.ac.uk
Representation of abortion in popular culture in
Weimar Germany
This paper is part of a larger project on Cultures of
Abortion in Weimar Germany - the view from below.
It will discuss the ambiguous messages conveyed about abortion on screen,
stage and in novels. Especially socialist writers and artists constructed
the image of the dejected proletarian woman burdened with an unwanted pregnancy
and risking goal, injury or even death through a back-street abortion. Examples
include novels like Rudolf Braune's Das Mädchen an der Orga Privat
(1925), the play Cyankali by Friedrich Wolf which caused a sensation when
it was premiered in 1929 in Berlin and on its subsequent tour through Germany
and finally when it was made into a film in 1930. This is the case also
with films which have only recently been rediscovered such as Madame Lu,
Die Frau für diskrete Beratung (1929) by Franz Hofer. Others portrayed
the female body as an icon of modernity representing women's new sexual
freedom and reproductive self-determinism. This is the case for example
in left-leaning films like Kuhle Wampe based on the script by Bertold Brecht
and but also in novels by women writers such as Vicky Baum's stud.chem Helene
Willführ, Irmgard Keun's, Gilgi - eine von uns where the New Woman
achieves independence even after she failed to obtain the abortion she originally
sought. Yet, there is a subtext which most popular representation of abortion
share: the experience of abortion is nearly always portrayed as a tragedy
and so-called quack abortionists as back-street operators who exploit, degrade
and endanger women. Yet, the testimonies of many working-class women in
abortion court cases throughout the Weimar years tells a more complex story:
It is true, women themselves often associated abortion with danger (to their
health), fear (of detection), embarrassment (having to find an abortionist)
and possible isolation (from family and friends). Yet, within the female
working-class culture the meaning of abortion could range from a fairly
routine event to a positive experience, the delivery from an unwanted pregnancy
when the abortionist not appear as a villain but rather as a helpmeet.
Cornelie Usborne
Academic curriculum vitae
Scholarly monographs:
Monographs:
1994 Frauenkörper - Volkskörper. Geburtenkontrolle und Bevölkerungspolitik
in der Weimarer Republik (Verlag Westfälisches Dampfboot, Münster,
1994), 303pp.
1992 Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany. Women's Reproductive Rights
and Duties (Macmillan, London; University of Michigan Press, USA), 304pp.
Editor of volumes of papers:
2001 (with Willem de Blécourt) Mediating Medicine. Cultural approaches
to the history of medicine. (London: Routledge) (in preparation).
1999 (with Meg Arnot) Gender & Crime in Modern Europe (London: UCL Press)
(in press).
(with Willem de Blécourt) special issue of Medical History on „History
of Alternative Medicine since 1800, July issue.
Articles in referreed journals or editions:
2002 „`Gestocktes Blut' oder `verfallen'? Widersprüchliche Redeweisen
über unerwünschte Schwangerschaften und deren Abbruch zur Zeit
der Weimarer Republik", in Barbara Duden, Jürgen Schlumbohm, Patrice
Veit (eds) Geschichte des Ungeborenen. Zur Erfahrungs- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte
der Schwangerschaft, 17. - 20. Jahrhundert, Veröffentlichungen des
Max-Planck-Instituts fur Geschichte 170, Göttingen: Vandenhoek &
Rupprecht (in press)
2001 „Heilanspruch und medizinische Kunstfehler. Abtreibungen durch
Ärzte in der Weimarer Republik: offizielle Beurteilung und weibliche
Erfahrung", in special issue on „Heilanspruch und Heilvermögen.
Intention und Wirklichkeiten medizinischen Handelns in der neueren Geschichte",
ed. Reinhard Spree, Medizin, Gesellschaft und Geschichte - Beiheft (Franz
Steiner Verlag Stuttgart), 95-121.
„Women Doctors and Gender Identity in Weimar Germany, 1918-1933",
in Anne Hardy and Lawerence Conrad (eds) Women and Modern Medicine (Amsterdam:
Rodopi), 109-127.
2000 „Women's voices in male court rooms. Abortion trials in Weimar
Germany", in J. Woodward ed. Coping with Sickness: Medicine, Law and
Human Right (Sheffield: European Association for the History of Medicine
Association), 91-107.
1999(with Willem de Blécourt) „Women's medicine, women's culture.
Abortion and fortune-telling in early twentieth-century Germany and the
Netherlands" in Medical History, special issue edited by Willem de
Blécourt and Cornelie Usborne, vol 43, no. 3, July.
(with Meg Arnot) „Why gender and crime? Aspects of an international
debate", in Meg Arnot and Cornelie Usborne eds, Gender & Crime
in Modern Europe (London: UCL Press), 1-44.
„Pains of the past. Recent research in the social history of medicine
in Germany", Review article, Bulletin of the German Historical Institute
London, July.
„Die weibliche Stimme vor dem männlichem Gericht. Abtreibungsprozesse
in der Weimarer Republik", Festschrift für Professor Annette Kuhn,
(Bonn: Ebersbach), 375-389.
1997 „Abortion for sale! The competition between quacks and doctors
in Weimar Germany", in M. Gijswijt-Hofstra, H. Marland, W. de Waardt
(eds), Illness and Healing Alternatives in Western Europe (London &
New York: Routledge, 1997), 183-204.
„Rhetoric and Resistance: Rationalization of Reproduction in Weimar
Germany", Social Politics, Special Issue, Gender and Rationalization,
Spring 1997, 65-89.
1996 „Wise Women, wise men and abortion in the Weimar Republic: gender,
class and medicine", in E.
Harvey and L. Abrams (eds), Gender Relations in German History. Power, Agency
and experience from the sixteenth to the twentieth century (London: UCL
Press 1996), 143-176.
1995 „The New Woman and generational conflict: perceptions of young
women's sexual mores in the Weimar Republic", in Mark Roseman (ed),
Youth Rebellion, Generation Formation and Generation Conflict in Modern
Germany (Cambridge University Press), 137-163.
Jutta Schwarzkopf
Historisches Seminar, Universität Hannover
schwarzk@uni-bremen.de
Generatives Regime, Sozialmilieu und Sozialismus bei den BaumwollweberInnen
von Lancashire
Dieser Vortrag zeigt, wie in einem branchenspezifischen
proletarischen Milieu das herausgebildete generative Regime in Verbindung
mit sozialistischen Ideen des ausgehenden 19. Jahrhunderts eine positive
Einstellung zu Verhütung sowie die Möglichkeit ihrer Praktizierung
schuf.
In Großbritannien gehörten die BaumwollweberInnen von Lancashire
zu den PionierInnen der Geburtenregelung im Proletariat. Diese Gruppe praktizierte
ein generatives Regime, unter dem der Zeitpunkt von Geburten in die Erfordernisse
der Familienökonomie eingefügt wurden, die in jedem Stadium des
Armutszyklus auf mehr als einem Lohneinkommen beruhte. Das für proletarische
Verhältnisse ungewöhnlich egalitäre Einkommensniveau von
Mann und Frau bildete die Grundlage einer gemeinsam gefällten Entscheidung
zur Geburtenregelung, die wesentlich auf männlicher Kooperation und
einem hohen Maß an Selbstkontrolle in der sexuellen Praxis beruhte.
Die 'Kultur der Abstinenz' von BaumwollweberInnen erwuchs aus einer unterbürgerlichen
Tradition der Wertschätzung von Selbstdisziplin und rationalem Verhalten.
Dieses generative Regime mit seiner spezifischen Auffassung von elterlicher
Fürsorge und den Kosten der Kinderaufzucht war charakteristisch für
ein Sozialmilieu, das von der industriellen Monostruktur der Webereistädte
mit ihrer massenhaften Beschäftigung von Männern, Frauen und Kindern
in dieser Branche geprägt war. Zu einer Zeit, als Verhütung aus
bevölkerungspolitisch, religiös oder feministisch motivierten
Erwägungen hochgradig stigmatisiert war und mit einer bestimmten Auffassung
von proletarischer Männlichkeit kollidierte, boten einige sozialistisch
ausgerichtete Organisationen zumindest die Möglichkeit der Diskussion
dieser Frage. Aufgrund des von ihnen praktizierten generativen Regimes waren
BaumwollweberInnen für eine positive Sichtweise von Verhütung
besonders empfänglich, so daß sich vor allem bei politisch engagierten
Paaren eine Ausrichtung des generativen Verhaltens auf eine ideale Familiengröße
– in der Regel die Ein-Kind-Familie – feststellen läßt.
PD Dr. Jutta Schwarzkopf
1972-1978 Studium der Fächer Englisch und Politik für das Höhere
Lehramt an den Universitäten Göttingen, Lancaster und Bremen
Promotion zum Dr. phil. an der Universität Bremen
Titel der Dissertation: „Women's Involvement in Working-Class Politics:
The Case of the Female Chartists"
Habilitation an der Universität Hannover, venia legendi: Neuere Geschichte
unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der britischen Geschichte
Titel der Habilitationsschrift: „Unpicking Gender: The Social Construction
of Gender in the Labour Process of the Cotton Weaving Industry in Lancashire,
1880-1914"
1992-2000 Tätigkeit als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin bzw. wissenschaftliche
Assistentin an den Universitäten Bremen und Hannover
seither Lehraufträge und Vertretungen an den Universitäten Hannover,
Bremen und Kassel
seit WS 2001/2002 Vertretung einer British Studies-Stelle an der Universität
Oldenburg
Anelia Kassabova-Dintcheva
Bulgarische Akademie der Wissenschaften
e-mail: veanide@mail.bol.bg
Der Diskurs über die Reproduktion in sozialistischen
Bulgarien - Eingriff und Realitätsverleugnung
Die Untersuchung ist ein Versuch zur Analyse des realsozialistischen
Diskurses über die Reproduktion in Rahmen der kommunistischen Familienideologie
und -politik.
Die Reproduktionspolitik eines jeden Nationalstaates ist in der breiten
Identitäetspolitik eingebunden, die Art, wie die verschiedenen Gesellschaften
an dieser gravierenden Frage herangehen, zeigt die Problematik Gesellschaft-Individuum,
öffentlich-privat.
Am Beispiel Bulgariens möchte ich die Wirkungsmittel des Diskurses
über die Reproduktion in der Periode 1944-1989, insbesondere die Kollektivsymbolik,
die zur Vernetzung verschiedener Diskursstränge (ökonomischen,
nationalen u.a.), beiträgt, und insgesamt die Funktionen dieses Diskurses
als herrschaftslegitimierende und -sichernde Techniken, zur Diskussion stellen.
Einerseits wird der Versuch gemacht die Widersprüche und die Instrumentalisierung
der „Frauenfrage" im Rahmen der kommunistischen Ideologie aufzuzeigen,
die Grenzen des Sagbaren zu markieren und die Strategien, mit denen das
Feld des Sagbaren erweitert oder eingeengt wird (z.B. Verleugnungs-, Relativierungs-,
Tabuisierungs-, bzw. Enttabuisierungsstrategien etc.), herauszuarbeiten.
Zugleich übt dieser Diskurs Machtwirkung aus, weil er institutionalisiert
ist. So geht es mir darum, das Netz von Institutionen, reglementierenden
Entscheidungen, Gesetzen, administrativen Maßnahmen, wissenschaftlichen
Aussagen über Reproduktion, Empfängnisverhütung, Abtreibung
in Rahmen der Familien- und Frauenpolitik in ihrer Entwicklung aufzuzeigen.
Das ist eng mit dem Problem des Widerspruches zu der sozioökonomischen
Entwicklung (rasche Urbanisierung, Industrialisierung, gesellschaftliche
Modernisierung) verbunden. Die Spezifik des Spannungsfeldes zwischen sozialen
Prozesse und Alltagspraxis einerseits und die politischen Maßnahmen
und ideologischen Konstrukte andererseits geht es nachzugehen. Aus diesem
Zusammenspiel läßt sich die Dynamik der Entwicklung des Diskurses
über die Reproduktion, die Funktionsveränderungen und Akzentverschiebungen
erklären.
Die Problematik ist umso komplexer, da man den realsozialistischen Familien-
und Reproduktionsdiskurs erst im Rahmen eines (selbstverständlich überaus
heterogenen) globalen Diskurses verstehen kann, in dessen Rahmen die Polarisierung
„Ost" vs. „West" eine entscheidende Rolle spielt.
Gegenwärtig gewinnt die Problematik über die Familien-, Frauen-,
Reproduktionspolitik im Sozialismus erhöhte Bedeutung - wegen der notwendigen
Auseinandersetzung mit dem Sozialismus, mit derer Untersuchung vor der 89-Wende
zahlreiche Einschränkungen verbunden waren.
Zugleich hat in Rahmen des „Weltdiskurses" - mit aller Vorsicht
gesagt - der Zusammenbruch des sozialistischen Systems, verbunden mit der
Einwanderungs- und Flüchtlingsproblematik in einer Reihe westeuropäischer
Staaten und die EU-Osterweiterung, zu einer Aktivierung der „Patriarchalismus-„,
„Familientypen-„ und „Modernisierungs"-Debatten insgesamt
und konkret über den „Balkan" geführt.
ANELIA KASSABOVA-DINTCHEVA
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS
Ph.D. in Social Anthropology 1998 -2001
University of Vienna, Institute for Social and Economic History
Institute for European Ethnology (Social Anthropology)
Topic: „Migration and Family. Family-Research and Politics"
Ph.D. in History 1987 - 1994
Institute of Ethnology of the Bulgarian Academy of science
„Social functions of magic beliefs"
Master of Science (Ethnology) 1979 - 1985
Faculty of History, University of Sofia, Bulgaria
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Researcher July 2001 - present
Institute for Ethnography with Muzeum at the Bulgarian Academy of science
Researcher February 2001 - present
Institute for Interdisciplinary Research and Education; Universities of
Vienna, Klagenfurt, Innsbruck and Graz; Project: „Reflexive Historical
Anthropology"
· Member of an international team researching biographical interviews
from several European cultures in the area of Cultural Anthropology
Researcher February 2001 - June 2001
University of Vienna, „Pastorales" (Rural) Forum, Vienna
· „Multi-Cultural and Multi-Religious Co-Existence in Vienna;
Challenges, Problems & Perspectives. The Cases of Christian-Orthodox
Parishes", based on fieldwork using qualitative methods and quantitative
data.
· Final report preparation and presentation
Conference Coordinator March 2001 - May 2001
Vienna University; Institute of Interdisciplinary Research and Education
· Organizer of a international Anthropological conference
Conference Coordinator June 1999 - September 1999
Council of Europe, Klagenfurt, Austria: „Significance of Confidence-Building
Measures" and „Management of Diversity. Improving European Education
Programs for Managing Diversity"
· Tutor in the conferences
Teacher Sept. 1998 - July 1999
International school of „Hl. Cyril and Method" in Vienna, Austria
· Teacher of History and Bulgarian
Researcher (Ph.D. Thesis) Dec. 1997 - Jan. 2001
Vienna University; Institute of Economic and Social History and Institute
for European Ethnology; Research Topic: „Migration and the Family."
· A qualitative research: biographical interviews and participant
observations of migration by Bulgarian and intercultural families.
· History of science analysis - family research as a model for socioeconomic
and political tendencies of development
· Final presentation of the doctoral thesis
Translator 1999 - 2001
University of Vienna, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research and Education
and Institute for European Ethnology
· German-Bulgarian translator at different meetings, workshops and
conferences
Researcher March 1997 - March 1998
Institute & Museum of Ethnology - Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia
Vienna University; Institute of Economic and Social History
University Graz
Project: „Family and Kinship in Bulgaria"
· A qualitative research: biographical interviews and participant
observation of families in a Bulgarian mountain village
Research Officer 1994 - present
Institute & Museum of Ethnology - Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia
· Historical and current investigations of social, economic and cultural
developments in Bulgaria
Primary and High School Teacher 1985 - 1986
Sofia, Bulgaria
· Teacher of History and German
PUBLICATIONS
Publicni nakazanija nad magjosnizi (sozialni aspekti). (Customs for Punishment
Of Magicians (Social Aspects). In: Minalo, 1996/4, p. 35-44.
Publicnijat sad nad magiosnizi - zreliste ili praznik. (Public Court Of
Magicians - Spectacle Or Feast). In: Praznizi i zrelista v evropejskata
kulturnasozialna neobhodimost . (Beliefs in magic - social necessity). In:
Etnografski problemi na narodnata kultura. Bd. 5, Sofia,1998, p. 214-248.
Die Politik in der Volkskunde - die Volkskunde in der Politik (Am Beispiel
Bulgariens). (Politics in Social Anthropology - Social Anthropology in Politics.
Example of Bulgaria). In: Dressel, Gert/Ratmayr, Bernhard: Mensch - Gesellschaft
- Wissenschaft. Versuche einer Reflexiven Historischen Anthropologie. Innsbruck,
1999, p. 103-139.
Die Entwicklung der Volkskunde in Bulgarien im Überblick. (Overview
of the Development of Ethnology in Bulgaria) In: Kittseer Schriften zur
Volkskunde, 10, Ethnographisches Museum Schloss Kittsee, 1999, p. 17-27.
„Kultur - und Wissenschaftsschocks" - Zu den kleinen und grossen
Unterschieden. („Cultural and Scientific Shocks" - Small and Large
Differences) In: Kittseer Schriften zur Volkskunde. Veröffentlichungen
des Ethnographischen Museums Schloss Kittsee, Heft 12, Ethnographisches
Museum Schloss Kittsee, 2000, p. 93-109.
Lebenserwartungen - Lebensrealitäten. Überlegungen zur Dynamik
des Familienmodells in einem Gebirgsdorf. (Expectations and Realities. Family
Model Dynamicks in a Mountain Village) In: Brunnbauer, Ulf/Kaser, Karl (Hg.):
Vom Nutzen der Verwandten. Soziale Netzwerke in Bulgarien (19. und 20. Jahrhundert).
Wien, Köln, Weimar, 2001, p. 163-187.
Familienforschung und Modernisierungsdebatte. (Family Research And The Debate
Of Modernization) In: Koller, Alexander (Ed.): Constructing European Identities.
(2001 - in print)
Migration und Familie. Familienforschung und Politik (Migration and Family.
Family-research and politics) (In print)
LECTURES
Social Functions Of Magic, April/1998; Bulgarian Research Institute, Vienna
Social Anthropology In Bulgaria - Problems And Perspectives, Nov/1998; Institut
für Europäische Ethnologie - University of Vienna
National State and Globalization. Some Aspects Of Cultural Politics, Bulgarian-Austrian
Colloquium:European Social Anthropology Changing -Perspectives - Tasks -
Cooperations. Oct.1999 Schlossmuseum Kittsee
Insider - Outsider. The Challenge Of The Historical-Anthropological Dialogue,
Lecture series: „Reflexive Historical Anthropology" Jan/2000;
Institut für interdisziplinäre Forschung und Fortbildung, Vienna
Are There Two Classes Of European? Central European Seminar - Constructing
European Identities, Nov. 2000
Facts And Fictions Or What Scientists Expect From Autobiographies. Panel
discussion, March/2000, Institut für Europäische Ethnologie, University
of Vienna
War and Violence. Some Aspects Of The Methodological Approaches. Historical-Anthropological
Seminar; Winter Balkan meeting 2001; Febr/2001, South-West-University Blagoevgrad,
Bulgaria
Migration, Family and Family-Research; Apr/2001, Bulgarian Research Institute,
Vienna, The Integration Fund of Vienna
The Field And I; May/2001; Institut für interdisziplinäre Forschung
und Fortbildung, Vienna
The Power Of The Family-Discours; Nov/2001, University of Blagoevgrad
WORKSHOP PARTICIPANT - PRESENTER
The Significance Of „Confidence-Building Measures" Working committee
of the Council of Europe - University of Klagenfurt 18. 19/Jun/1999
Management Of Diversity. Improving European Education Programs For Managing
Diversity. Working committee of the Council of Europe - University of Klagenfurt;
17 - 18/Sept/1999
Childhood as a Topic in the Balkans. Conference: Childhood in the Balkans;
20-22/Jan/2000 Austrian South-East-European Institute, Vienna
Forms and Norms. Reflexive Historical Anthropology. 4.-6/Mai/2001, Institute
for Interdisciplinary Research, Vienna
Center for By-national and By-cultural Partnerships and Families, Vienna,
Monthly Participant
Anne-Marie Sohn
Université de Haute Normandie, Rouen,
France
am.sohn@wanadoo.fr
La sexualité des milieux populaires en France
(XIX-XXèmes siècles) : représentations et pratiques
Cette communication portera sur la France entre
1850 et 1970. Le choix de la longue durée s'impose en raison des
évolutions, longtemps souterraines donc sous-estimées, qui
ont à terme bouleversé les comportements sexuels.
Il convient donc tout d'abord de dessiner le cadre général
dans lequel s'inscrit la vie privée des milieux populaires. Cette
période voit, en effet, une remise en cause des usages anciens :
la parole se libère, les relations sexuelles hors mariage se développent,
les pratiques contraceptives se généralisent, la condamnation
des violences sexuelles, en particulier à l'encontre des enfants,
s'amplifie. C'est à l'aune de ces évolutions qu'il convient
d'analyser la spécificité des milieux populaires. Je m'attacherai
principalement aux ouvriers mais s'agrègent également à
ce groupe les artisans et les petits commerçants urbains sans oublier
le sous-prolétariat des petits métiers et de la marginalité
au comportement souvent atypique.
J'insisterai tout d'abord sur les normes et la morale en vigueur. J'évoquerai
en particulier la conception qu'ont les ouvriers de la pudeur et de la décence
et, de là, leurs idées en matière d'éducation
sexuelle. Puis j'examinerai la tolérance des milieux populaires pour
les relations prénuptiales, le concubinage, l'adultère ainsi
que leur pratique naturelle et totalement déculpabilisée de
la limitation des naissances et de l'avortement. Cette tolérance
qui n'hésite pas à s'afficher et à se dire, fait des
ouvriers une exception dans une société où discours
et pratiques ne coïncident pas avant les années 1960, où
la libéralisation des mœurs s'accompagne longtemps de discours
convenus et moralisateurs.
En dernier lieu, je soulignerai, fût-ce plus brièvement, le
décalage croissant à partir de l'entre-deux-guerres entre
dirigeants du mouvement ouvrier et ouvriers de base, les militants épris
de respectabilité dans une France hantée par la dépopulation,
craignant de discréditer leurs partis par des prises de position
libérales en matière de sexualité.
Stephen Meyer
Professor of History, University of Wisconsin-Parkside,
Kenosha, USA
E-mail: meyer@uwp.edu or smeyer2@wi.rr.com
Sex and Sexuality on the Shop Floor: U.S.
Auto Factories, 1930-1960
In the Chrysler Tank Arsenal plant during World
War II, a factory „janitress" encountered two supervisors and
two women workers while she was cleaning the basement of the administration
building. After greeting the first couple near the water fountain, she attempted
to go through a door and met with considerable resistance from the other
side. She eventually pushed it open and encountered the other couple. As
for the second supervisor, she noted: „He was fully dressed but his
pants were open and it was out." After she decided against the recommendations
of friends to report the incident, the supervisor began repeatedly to hound
her, inquiring whether or not she reported the incident to higher officials.
As rumors of the incident spread through the plant, she finally reported
it to management officials. In the end, because the incident became a classic
case of conflicting „he said/she said" testimony and because she
was a probationary employee, the janitress concluded I „was to be laid
off for giving out the wrong story" and „because ‚I talked
too much.‘" She appealed and lost the grievance. (UAW Local 833,
„TANK ARSENAL PLANT, Grievance No. 36," December 12, 1944 and
„AFFIDAVIT OF MRS. O. THOMAS," August 26, 1944, F. 18, B. 98,
Chrysler Department Collection, Archives of Labor History and Urban Affairs,
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI.)
In the extensive collections of UAW shop-floor grievances and of auto worker
oral histories, this incident and many similar ones reveal the hidden history
of shop-floor sexualized behaviors and sexual relations between male supervisors
and female subordinates and between male and female workers. The proposed
paper will explore the workplace conduct, both consensual and predatory,
of men and women in the American automobile industry from the 1930s through
1950s. Selected shop-floor grievances and oral history accounts will illustrate
three phases of workplace sex and sexuality: The offensive sexual harassment
of women workers by supervisors in the pre-union era, the playful, flirtatious,
and paternalistic sexuality between male and female workers during world
War II, and the coarser and meaner male harassment of women workers who
competed for men‘s jobs in the postwar years.
Steve Meyer
EDUCATION:
Ph.D., History, Rutgers University, June 1977.
M.A., History, Rutgers University, June 1973.
B.A., History, State University of New York at Stony Brook, June 1967.
TEACHING AREAS:
American Social, Labor, and Cultural History; Twentieth Century American
History; Social History of Technology; and Labor Studies.
CURRENT EMPLOYMENT:
Professor (Beginning September 2002), History, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,
Milwaukee, WI.
Professor (July 1992-present) and Associate Professor (July 1986-July 1992),
History, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha WI.
FELLOWSHIPS:
Research Fellowship, National Endowment for the Humanities, September 2000-June
2001. Research project on „B[e]aring Manliness: The Gendered Cultures
of American Automobile Workers, 1900-1970."
Rockefeller Foundation Humanities Fellowship in residence at the Walter
P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University, September 1985-June 1986.
Research project on „Workers and Technology in the American Automobile
Industry, 1930-1960."
RECENT AND MAJOR PUBLICATIONS:
„Rough Manhood: The Aggressive and Confrontational Culture of Auto
Workers during World War II," forthcoming in Journal of Social History
(Fall 2002).
„Work, Play, and Power: Masculine Culture on the Automotive Shop Floor,
1930-1960" in Roger Horowitz, Editor, Boys and their Toys: Masculinity,
Class, and Technology in America (New York: Routledge, 2001), 13-32.
Stalin Over Wisconsin: The Making and Unmaking of Militant Unionism, 1920-1950.
New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
Coeditor with Nelson Lichtenstein. On the Line: Essays in the History of
Auto Work. Urbana: University of Illinois Press 1988.
The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor
Company, 1908-1921. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.
WORK IN PROGRESS:
„B[e]aring Manliness: The Gendered Cultures of American Automobile
Workers, 1900-1970." Research and writing for book-length manuscript.
Raja Gopal Dhar Chakraborti
Reader and Formerly Head, Department of South & Southeast
Asian Studies, Calcutta University
E-mail: rgdc2000@satyam.net.in
Second email: rgdc2000@hotmail.com
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice ( KAP) study of
the Jute workers in West Bengal, India.
Most of the workers are migrant labourers who mostly
stay single and their families are in the villages whom they can meet and
mate not more than once a year. Brothels and prostitution are rampant and
a 39.7% of respondents have admitted of having visited the commercial sex
centres more than once in the past six months. A 45.2% of workers are not
familiar with the dangerous consequences of the disease called AIDS. A 70.1
% of workers are not familiar with the link between menstrual cycle and
fertility. A 21.0% of workers have not seen condoms. None of them are familiar
with female protection of reproductivity apart from sterilisation and doctor
prescribed pills. None of them have tried oral and anal sex, either their
partners did not allow or they thought it could be possible and pleasurable.
Interestingly, none of them would tolerate their spouses and children to
have sex outside marriage. Although none of them have confessed of having
ever received sexually transmitted diseases, doctors practising among them
believe that around 15-20% suffer from STD's. Even pathological centres
around confess that every two out of fifteen cases they handle could be
related to the diagnosis of such diseases.
The paper will come out with concrete suggestions to come out of this impasse.
Raja Gopal Dhar Chakraborti, PhD
Work Positions:
Lecturer in Economics, St.Xavier's College, Calcutta between 1981 - 1989.
(Held lien between 1984-1989 with occasional resumption).
Lecturer in Economics and Population at the Centre for Development Studies,
Trivandrum under the UNFPA International Training Programme in Population
and Development between 1987- 1989.
Deputy Registrar, Calcutta University between 1989 and 1990.
Reader, Department of South & Southeast Asian Studies, Calcutta University
from 1990 on wards.
Head Of the Department, Department of South & Southeast Asian Studies,
Calcutta University. 1995 - 1997 and occasional terms as appointed by the
Calcutta University from time to time.
Guest Position:
Department of Commerce , Calcutta University
Department of Law, Calcutta University
Department of Management, Calcutta University
Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, Calcutta
National Institute of Personnel Management, Calcutta
Qualifications:
HS under West Bengal Board (1975);
BA ( Hon.) in Economics from St. Xavier's College, Calcutta under Calcutta
University (1978);
MA in Economics from Calcutta University with specialization in Econometrics.
MA Dissertation Thesis: Alternative Strategies to Eradicate Poverty in India
under the Sixth five-year Plan. (1981).
M.Sc. in Demography from London School of Economics & Political Science
under London University. Dissertation Thesis: Demography Of Malaria Deaths
In India Since 1831.Supervisor: Professor Tim Dyson (1985);
Ph.D. Dissertation Thesis: Demographic and Economic Implications of Population
Ageing in Asia with special reference to the greying of Indian, Thai and
Japanese Population. ( 1999)
Books:
Quantitative Methods. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
Problems of Indian Economics. National Institute of Personnel Management,
Calcutta. First Edition 1994. Fourth Revised Edition, 2000.
The Graying of Asia. (Progressive Publisher, Calcutta, 2001)
Managerial Economics. (Being published)
Population Policy And Programmes of South & Southeast Asia.(Being published)
Indian Economy: An Analytical treatment ,Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co
Ltd., New Delhi, (Being published)
Papers:
Migration from Kerala to the Arab World :A Study of the Returned Migrants---Paper
Presented at the East-West Center, Hawaii, 1988
Economics and Demographic Imbalance As Factors Responsible for Insurgencies
in North East India: The Story of Assam: An Agenda for Action, in Insurgency
in North East India, edited By B. Pakem, Omsons Publications, New Delhi,
1997.
Population Policy for India and China- -- -A Critical Comparison, Centre
for Development Study, Trivandrum, International Training Programme for
Population and Development, 1988
State of Urbanisation in Kerala - Centre for Development Study, International
Training Programme for Population and Development. Trivandrum, 1988.
Migrations into the Terai Region in Nepal --- Centre for Development Study,
International Training Programme in Population and Development, Trivandrum,
1989.
Incentives and Disincentives of Population Control : The Asian Experience,
Occasional Paper, DSSEAS, Calcutta University,1994
Population Ageing in South Asia and its Socio-economic implications, Occasional
Paper, DSSEAS, Calcutta University, 1995
Family Planning Revolution in Thailand: Lesson for Other Countries, Occasional
Paper, DSSEAS, Calcutta University, 1996
Thai Population Experience and its contribution in making Thailand as one
of the Asian Tigers, Man and Environment, 1997.
Population ageing and its impact on the need for Health Care Facilities:
Comments from the experience of Japan and Thailand, submitted for Occasional
Paper (under print), DSSEAS, Calcutta University, 1998
Youth Demographic Transition in the Philippines, submitted for Occasional
Paper (under print), DSSEAS, Calcutta University, 2000.
Population ageing and health care needs in India, East-West Center, Hawaii,
2000.
Population Growth and Economic Development: Lessons from Selected Asian
Countries, MRG Policy Development Studies No.1, 2000
The Dynamics of an Ageing Population in the Developed countries: Lessons
for the Developing countries of Asia, MRG Policy Development Studies No.2,
2000.
Provide; Provide The Economics of Ageing. MRG Policy Development Studies
No.3, 2000.
Social Security Programs and Retirement the World. MRG Policy Development
Studies No.4, 2000.
Adjusting to an Aging Labour Force. MRG Policy Development Studies No.5,
2000
Population Ageing in Asia: A Demographic Blessing or Curse? MRG Policy Development
Studies No 6, 2000
Asian Demographic Transition in the eyes of Population Pattern Changes in
Kerala, India MRG Policy Development Study No.7, 2000.
Fifty Years of Asia's Demographic Change: A Simple Trend or a Miracle? MRG
Policy Development Studies No.8, 2000
Seminar participation( National and International):
Workshop on International Migration, East-West Center, Hawaii, USA, May
29- July 1, 1988.
Seminar on Population Policy of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok,
26-28 June 1988.
Seminar on Urbanization and Population Growth in Thailand, Chiangmai University,
Chiangmai University, June29- July 1,1988.
Lecture on Population Planning and Internal Migration in Nepal, UNFPA, Katmandu,
Nepal, 28 February -3 March 1988
UNFPA sponsored Discussion on the Family Planning in Rajasthan, Rajasthan
Institute of Public Administration, Jaipur, India, and 25-26 February 1988.
Talk on Social Medicine and Community Health as the Leader of the UNFPA
Team of Global Training Programme at the Centre for Social medicine and
Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, February 23, 1988.
Discussion on the Role of NGOs in Family Planning in India, National Institute
of Family Welfare, New Delhi, February 24, 1988.
Talk on the Urbanisation and Related Issues of Spatial Distribution of Population,
Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
New Delhi, February 24,1988.
Seminars and Discussions on Grameen Bank as an alternative approach to economic
development, Grameen Bank, Mirpur, Dacca, December 15-22, 1988.
Urbanisation and ageing in Southeast Asia, DSSEAS, Calcutta University,
May 6, 1992.
Lecture on Refugee and Illegal Migration, Workshop on International Migration
and Regional Planning, Trivandrum, 15-17 February 1989.
Lecture on Project Evaluation: Methods and Techniques, Centre for Development
Studies, Trivandrum, and 3-4 January 1989.
Seminar on History of South India, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum,
14-18 April 1988.
V TH All India Conference of Directors of Area Studies, Osmania University,
Hyderabad, 22-24 February 1992.
VITH All India Conference of Directors of Area Studies, GOA University,
GOA, 10-14 October 1993.
VII All India Conference of Directors of Area Studies, Sri Venkatswera University,
Tirupati, 27 February -1 March 1996.
Population Ageing in the SARC Region, Seminar on Cooperative Possibilities
in South Asia, Andhra University, Waltair, 26-27 March 1994 and Chaired
one Session.
Economic and Demographic Factors behind insurgencies, Seminar on Insurgency
in North East, Northeast India Council for Social Science, Shillong, 24-26
July 1995.
Implications for Growing Urbanization in South and Southeast Asia, DSSEAS,
Calcutta University, March 12, 1994.
Proximate Determinants of Fertility Decline in Thailand, DSSEAS. Calcutta
University, May 9, 1994.
Economics of Incentives and Disincentives of Population Control: Case Study
of India, Thailand, Bangladesh and the Philippines, DSSEAS, Calcutta University,
June 6, 1995.
Ageing Asian Tigers: Implications on the future productivity of Japan and
Thailand, March 14, 1998.
Thai Economy and Population Growth, in the Seminar on Peace and Cooperative
Development in Asia, CRRID, Chandigarh, March 6-14, 1997.
The Story of Thai Population Growth: What should We Learn, DSSEAS Thai Colloquium,
March 6-7, 1997,DSSEAS, Calcutta University.
Panel discussion on Population ageing in Asia at the First Global Leadership
Meet, London School of Economics and Political Science, 24- 28 September
1998.
Round Table discussion on Alternative Developmental Strategy for Bangladesh
at the Bangladesh Society, Bonn, Germany, 3-4 October 1998.
Private Vs Public sectors in Health Care Financing and Insurance Systems
in Asia, a paper presented to East-West Center, Hawaii, June 1997 (read
in absentia).
Security, Environmental, Economic and Political Dimensions in South Asia,
a paper presented with Dr Prabir Biswas at the Institute of Business Management
and Research, November 1997.
Vicious circle of Health: a study in the interrelationship between health
and economic development in Asia: Department of Hospital Management, Indian
Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, November 1996.
Role of Community Financing in Health Care in Asia: The lessons for India:
A paper presented at the Searight Hospital, Raspunja, Calcutta, on 31 January
1999.
Population Ageing in the Philippines and its implications on India in the
context of Fifty Years' of India's Relations with the ASEAN, National Seminar
on India's Relations with the ASEAN, Calcutta University, 24- 25 February
1999.
A KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Practice) Study of the ISKCON devotees to
ISKCON Philosophy in India: ISKCON Headquarter, Mayapur, India, and July
1998
A Demographic Study of the Priests and Devotees of Sri Jagannath Temple,
Puri, Sri Jagannath Research Centre, Puri, Orissa, 9- 11 June, 1999.
Youth demographic transition in the Philippines, a paper read at the International
Seminar on The Perspectives on the Philippines, DSSEAS, Calcutta University,
March 9-10, 2000.
Workshop on Health Care Planning for the Aged Population, East-West Center,
Hawaii, 1st June- 1st July 2000.
Economic Implications of population ageing in Asia, London School of Economics,
21st August 2000.
Population ageing in Calcutta, The Socio-economic and Civic Research Society,
London, 5th September 2000.
Problems of Illegal Migration in South Asia, Paper presented at the presented
for the Seminar on Cross Border Migration and the Situation of refugees
in South Asia on 15-16 March 2001 at Jibananda Sabhagriha, Bangla Academy,
Kolkata, organised by the Department of South & Southeast Asian Studies,
Calcutta University, KOLKATA.)
Conceptual Issues in the Measurement of Population Ageing in Asia, Public
Seminar presented at the Department of South & Southeast Asia, Calcutta
University, 12 th July 2001.
Gender Discrimination and the Health of the Girl Child in Asian Scenario:
The Problem and the agenda for Action, a paper presented at the International
Seminar on Alternatives to the Problems of Girl Child in South & Southeast
Asia, to be held on 3rd and 4th December, 2001
Gender Perspectives to the problem of Ageing in Asia, Paper presented at
the National Consultation on Older Women, sponsored by the Department of
Women and Children, Ministry of Human Resources, Government of India held
in New Delhi on 8-9th December 2001 as a Major Resource Person.
Field Trip:
Extensive field trip on the role of NGOs in the functioning of rural economy
in Bangladesh, December 1989.
Thai fertility surveys , Bangkok, June 1988
Family Planning in Nepal, January 1989
Adolescent Sexuality Surveys in the rural Bengal since 1992
Population ageing sample survey in England and Germany and also survey of
literature on Asian ageing pattern by British and demographic demographers,
September-October, 1998.
Special achievements:
Participated in the Workshop on the Workshop on Population ageing and Health
Care in Asia at the 31st Summer Seminar on Population, East-west Center,
Hawaii May-July, 2000
Worked as a Visiting Fellow at the Department of Social policy at the London
School of Economics, London July - September 2000.
Working on a project on Ageing in the Metro cities of the developing countries
as a Principal Investigator with Dr. Emily Grundy of London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London.
Joan Sangster
Professor of History and Women‘s Studies, Frost
Centre for Canadian Studies and Native Studies
Trent University, Peterborough, Canada
JSangster@Trentu.ca
Putting sex in context: a materialist-feminist
analysis of the sexual regulation of Aboriginal and working-class girls
in mid-twentieth century Canada
Recent scholarly writing on colonialism has become
more preoccupied with the process by which the sexualized bodies of both
the colonized and colonizers were manufactured within the context of European
imperialism and racism, while an earlier tradition of historical work explored
the regulation of working-class sexuality, particularly that of women and
gays, within the overlapping structures of class, gender and to a lesser
extent, race. Using 19th century sources, authors have noted the overlapping
strategic goals, political rhetoric and methods of regulation used to ‚domesticate‘
both the colonized „primitive" and working-class „pauper"
in efforts to re-fashion their sexual and familial lives to fit bourgeois
forms and ideals. (John Comaroff and Jean Comaroff).
While this work is provocative and enlightening, discussions of sexual identity
and sexual regulation are often shaped by adoptions of, or engagements with
Foucauldian and postmodern ideas distanced from, and sometimes antithetical
to analyses of women‘s oppression emanating from historical materialism.
With a few exceptions, such as Rosemary Hennessy‘s work, North American
writers are uninterested in exploring the connections between sexuality
and capital accumulation, production and social reproduction - an unsurprising
theoretical turn of events, given the marginality of marxism in North America
academe at this time. Although marxist and marxist-feminist work in the
past may have dealt inadequately with sexuality, there is nonetheless an
important historical tradition, from Alexandra Kollantai to Shelia Rowbotham,
of socialists and feminists attempting to theorize sexual oppression, power
and emancipation within the context of historical materialism.
This paper draws on historical research on Aboriginal and working-class
girls targeted as sexual ‚problems‘ by the law, and often incarcerated
to control their sexuality, as a means of entering this theoretical debate.
Much of work on sexuality and colonialism draws on 19th c European imperialism
abroad, but what happens when the ‚primitive‘ and the ‚pauper‘
are within the same nation, and are increasingly the focus of overlapping
regulation in the same institutions? How do we account for the historical
specificity of sexual regulation of the working class and Aboriginal in
a period of ‚advanced colonialism‘ and monopoly capitalism in
Canada in the mid 20th century?
I focus on the apprehension of young women for sexual delinquency during
a period when juvenile courts and correctional institutions were increasing
their efforts to alter what was seen as ‚out of control‘ sexual
behaviour by poor, working-class and Aboriginal girls. Overlapping theories
of ‚degeneration‘ were used to understand the girls‘ actions,
and common strategies - removal from the home, training for domestic labour
- were utilized to reshape their behaviour. There were, nonetheless, some
differences defining in the treatment of Aboriginal girls, shaped by the
racism, dispossession and marginalization that characterized Canada‘s
brand of internal colonialism. Even accounting for these differences, we
can still understand the sexual regulation of these girls within the context
of materialist social relations. Their apprehension, treatment and experiences
were profoundly shaped by structures of systemic gender, class and race
inequality: these young girls were not simply ‚signifiers‘ of
errant sexuality; they also became labouring bodies in a correctional system
designed to correct profligacy with the work ethic.
Joan Isabel Sangster
Publications
Books
Dreams of Equality: Women on the Canadian Left, 1920-60 (Oxford University
Press, 1989), pp.273.
Earning Respect: The Lives of Working Women in Small-Town Ontario, 1920-1960,
(University of Toronto Press, 1995), pp 333.
Regulating Girls and Women: Sexuality, Family and in the Law, Ontario 1920-60
(Oxford University Press, 2001), 278 pp.
Forthcoming (Spring, 2001) Girl Trouble: The Construction of Female ‚Delinquency‘
in English Canada, 1908-65 (Between the Lines Press)
Some recent articles:
„Incarcerating 'Bad' Girls: The Regulation of Sexuality through the
Female Refuges Act in Ontario, 1920-45," Journal of the History of
Sexuality Fall, 7/2, 1996, pp 239-275.
„Criminalizing the Colonized: Native Women Confront the Courts in Ontario,
1920-60," Canadian Historical Review,80/1 March 1999, pp.32-60.
„Girls in Conflict with the Law: The Construction of Female Delinquency,
1940-60," Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 12/1 (2000), 1-35.
„Masking and Unmasking the Sexual Abuse of Children: Perceptions of
Violence against Children in the 'Badlands' of Ontario," Journal of
Family History, v. 25/4, (2000): 504-27.
„Feminism and the Making of Canadian Working Class History: Exploring
the Past, Present and Future, Labour/Le Travail, 46, Fall 2000: 127-66.
„Retorts, Runaways and Riots: Resistance in Canadian Reform Schools
for Girls," (coauthored with Tamara Myers), Journal of Social History,
Spring, 2001: 669-697.
Women‘s Work: Re-Examining American and Canadian Labour History"
Mitteilungsblatt des Instituts fur soziale Bewegungen, Amerikanische Arbeitergeschichte
heute, 25 (2001), 67-88.
Minjie Zhang
Professor of Sociology, Zhejiang Academy of Social Sciences
Hangzhou 310025, China
E-mail: mjzhang1@mail.hz.zj.cn
Sexual Harassment in Work Environment and
Sexual Policies within People‘s Republic of China
Current studies on sexual harassment in work environment
in China exhibit the following characteristics:
1, Because of history, culture and society have been unfair to women for
a long time, women are still considered inferior to men in workplaces, and
sexual harassment in work environment is a common tendency in both urban
and rural areas. It is technically not illegal in Chinese society. Many
female workers and farmers were violated by these acts in a long time.
2, Sexual harassment in work environment began to be paid attentions by
scholars and government is only after the time of mid 1980s. It has occurred
in two stages: the initial stage covering more than ten years. As the socialist
legal system be strengthened and feminist theory be widely spread, the meaning
of sexual harassment began to be accepted by a lot of the Chinese peoples.
The second stage there after making a phase of strengthening and consolidation.
With a significance resonating around the globe, the Chinese government
has seeking to contain or reduce the occurrence of sexual harassment, some
legislators even appealed to promote and achieve legal and moral obligation
to combat such acts, and to protect the females in workplaces.
3, Another focus is on how sexual harassment in workplaces affects the division
of labor and employment. Very often the finding point to some females would
rather be sexual violated by their boss than not loss their jobs. The author
analyzes the general distribution and characteristics of the sexual harassment
in work environment in contemporary China. Its connection with the various
systems and institutions are discussed as well.
4, The author also discusses how the current modes of administration control
sexual harassment, and complete with an address of the sexual policies within
Chinese government.
Zhang Minjie
Professor, Deputy Director of Institute of Sociology at Zhejiang Academy
of Social Sciences, China; Director Member of Chinese Society for Human
Rights Studies; Vice Chairman of Zhejiang Women Studies Association.
PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS AND PRACTICE:
1980-86: Research Assistant in Institute of Philosophy, Zhejiang Academy
of Social Sciences.
1986-92: Lecturer in Institute of Sociology, Zhejiang Academy of Social
Sciences.
1991-92: Guest Lecturer in Institute of Sociology, University Oldenburg,
Germany.
1992-96: Associate Professor, Deputy Director of Institute of Social Sciences,
Zhejiang Academy of Social Sciences.
1996,1-6: Visiting Professor in School of Social Work, the University of
Georgia, U.S.
1996,6-10: Visiting Scholar in the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research,
Harvard University, U.S.
1997- Present: Professor of Sociology, Zhejiang Academy of Social Sciences.
1998,3-6: Senior Visiting Fellow in International Institute for Asian Studies,
Netherlands.
PUBLICATIONS
Author of the following books in Chinese:
Zhang, Minjie (1988), On Chastity Ideology, Northern Women and Children
Publishing House, Changchun.
Zhang, Minjie (1989), Contemporary World Families‘ Prospective, Hope
Press, Taiyuan.
Zhang, Minjie (1989), Family Education and Modern Human Being, Hope Press,
Taiyuan.
Zhang, Minjie and Others (1989), Urban Disease in China---Studies on Urban
Social Issues, China International Radio and Television Press, Beijing.
Zhang, Minjie and Xi, Congqing (1990), An Introduction of Social Work for
Disables, Hangzhou University Press, Hangzhou.
Zhang ,Minjie (1994), Guidebook of Contemporary International Etiquette,
Changchun Publishing House, Changchun.
Zhang, Minjie (1996), Youth and Leisure, Literature Publishing House, Beijing.
Zhang, Minjie (1998), The Studies of Housework, Shaanxi Tourism Press, Xian.
Zhang, Minjie edi. (1999), The Diagnosis to China‘s Economy by Western
Experts. Changchun Publishing House, Changchun
Zhang, Minjie edi. (2001), The Second Revolution in China: China in the
Eyes of Western Scholars. Shangwu Publishing House, Beijing.
Author of the following papers in English, German and Japanese:
Zhang, Minjie, (1986), Marriage advertisement in China, China Studies, Tokyo,
(12), p.33-38.
Zhang ,Minjie, (1987), Chastity in the contemporary women‘s eyes, Women
of China, Beijing, (3), p.20-21.
Zhang, Minjie, (1992), Reasons for sexual dysfunction in disabled men: a
psychological studies, International Journal of Impotence Research, London,
(4), Supple, 1. P.75-81.
Allie C.Kilpatrick and Zhang, Minjie, (1993), Family mediation in the United
States and China: a relevant method in social work education for a vulnerable
population, International Social Work, London, 36 (1), p.75-83.
Zhang, Minjie, (1993), Der Wandel der Stellung der chinesischen Frau in
der Familie, Frauen und China, Berlin, (5), p.36-51.
Zhang, Minjie and Deborab Evans (1995), The Changing Status of Chinese Women
within the Family and Society, Selected Reading on Marriage and the Family:
A Global Perspective, Indianapolis, p.283-291.
Zhang, Minjie and Allie C. Kilpatrick, (1996), Social changing and social
work education in China, Proceeding of International Conference on Social
Work, Hong Kong.
More than 150 papers be published in Chinese academic journals, the field
mainly includes social development, social history, social policies.
Jon Binnie, Beverley Skeggs
Dr. Jon Binnie, Manchester Metropolitan University, Senior
Lecturer in Human Geography, Department of Environmental and Geographical
Sciences
E-mail: j.binnie@mmu.ac.uk
Professor Beverley Skeggs, University of Manchester, Department of Sociology
E-mail: bev.skeggs@man.ac.uk
Class, Sexuality and the Politics of Transnationalism
Attempts to theorize the relationship between transnational
and the politics of class have generally failed to address questions of
sexuality and desire. In this paper we examine the interrelationship between
the politics of race, gender, class and sexuality through the figure of
the cosmopolitan. We argue that most easily assimilated and least threatening
and forms of sexual dissident cultures are being re-branded as cosmopolitan.
We argue that the Other of the cosmopolitan is the working class (straight
and gay) that is marginalized from cosmopolitan consumer culture. This Other
either cannot or will not be assimilated and rebranded as cosmopolitan.
We see how the ‚unsophisticated‘ non-cosmopolitan working-class
is equated with racism, nationalism and homophobia. The figure of the cosmopolitan
thereby lets the ‚new middle class‘ off the hook vis-à-vis
homophobia. The paper draws on empirical work on the production and contestation
of sexualized space within Manchester‘s ‚gay village‘. It
also draws on the authors‘ previous work on class, gender and sexual
citizenship. Central to the paper is the concern to demonstrate how the
class-marked discourses around homophobia are being re-branded through cosmopolitan
consumption patterns and practices of everyday life in the city.
Key words: transnationalism, cosmopolitan consumption, sexual citizenship,
Bourdieu, re-branding class.
Jon Binnie
Key Publications
Books:
Globalizing Desires: Sexualities in Transnational Context. London: Sage.
2002.
Pleasure Zones: Bodies, Cities, Spaces (with D. Bell, R. Holliday, R. Longhurst,
R. Peace. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 2001
The Sexual Citizen: Queer Politics and Beyond. (with D. Bell). Cambridge:
Polity Press. 2000.
Journal Articles
Recent papers have appeared (or have been accepted for publication) in Gender,
Place and Culture; Environment and Planning A; Environment and Planning
D: Society and Space; Progress in Human Geography; Sociology).
Current Research
Jon Binnie‘s current research focuses on the transnational basis of
sexual identities, communities and cultures. In Globalizing Desires he critically
examines of the relationship between queer globalization, sexuality and
space. He critiques the way discussions of queer globalization can serve
to produce an elitist cosmopolitan authority. Challenging this authority
means asking difficult questions about who is excluded from a cosmopolitan
identity. Parochialism within lesbian and gay studies has lead to a failure
to adequately address specific national differences in sexual cultures and
politics. Does the new found interest in nationalism and globalization within
lesbian and gay studies reproduce a U.K. and U.S.-centric worldview? In
postcolonial discussions of globalization of sexuality, the West is often
misleadingly portrayed as a stable, monolithic entity. For instance the
notion of ‚EurAm-centrism‘ masks the uneven impact of globalization
on sexual citizenship between and within European nation-states. The book
outlines a range of agendas that could inform a clearer and more genuinely
interdisciplinary engagement with the politics of queer globalization.
Professor Beverley Skeggs
Key Publications
Books:
The Re-branding of Class. London: Routledge 2002.
Transformations: Thinking Through Feminism. Edited (with S. Ahmed, C. Lury,
M. McNeil, J. Kilby). London: Routledge. 2000.
Formations of Class and Gender: Becoming Respectable.Theory, Culture and
Society series. London. Sage. 1997.
Feminist Cultural Theory: Production and Process. Edited. Manchester: Manchester
University Press. 1995.
Journal Articles:
Recent papers have appeared (or have been accepted for publication) in Australian
Journal for Research in Education; British Journal of Sociology of Education;
Capital and Class; Leisure Studies; Journal of Social Welfare and Family
Law; Social and Cultural Geography; Women's Studies International Forum.
Current Research:
Beverley Skeggs‘s current ESRC-funded research project on Violence,
Sexuality and Space http://les1.man.ac.uk/sociology/vssrp/default.htm
explores how some subject positions enable identifications that can be spatialised
(gay men in Manchester‘s gay village is a case in point) and how others
can create dis-identification and place limits on the use of space (working-class
women). Understanding of these take-ups of identity is important if we have
moved as Nancy Fraser suggests into a period of a ‚politics of recognition‘
in which the grammar of political claims making can only be enacted through
identity.
Mustafa Abdel Rahman
The American University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: Mustafa@aucegypt.edu
Social Construction of Sexuality, Risk and Reproductive
Health amongst Young Men in Dahab
This paper is based on an ethnographic field research
in one of Egypt‘s tourist destinations, Dahab (South Sinai). I focus
on daily interactions between young Egyptian men and foreign female travelers.
I explore working class Egyptian male constructions of sexuality, risk and
reproductive health in relation to heterosexual interactions with „foreign"
women at the intersections of globalization, tourism, and the hegemonic
demands of family and gender within the Egyptian society. Central to my
analysis are the ways working class Egyptian men living in Dahab rely on
their sexuality as a survival strategy in the face of an increasingly globalized
economy. In the context of this process I reveal the construction of their
own sexuality and the health risks surrounding them. I argue that in the
cultural context of tourism and class struggle in Dahab, ‚urfi marriage
and sexuality emerge as counter-cultural strategies for surviving poverty
in Egypt in the face of an increasingly globalizing economy. Links between
shifting local cultural patterns and global political and economic processes,
while playing themselves out in gendered and sexualized terms, are then,
central to this paper. I further argue that the gender struggles that emerge
between these Egyptian men and foreign women complexify post-colonial theorizations
of sexuality that highlight relations between European men and native women.
In Dahab, white women negotiate their sexuality as simultaneously class
privileged tourists and targets of Egyptian patriarchy while Egyptian men
confront the violences of globalization on white women's bodies. This paper
thus situates the study of gender and sexuality in the Arab world within
the context of material circumstances and the relationship between the local
and global while inserting men into gender studies while tracing cross-border
gender struggles in an era of globalization
Mustafa Abdel Rahman Abdalla
Education:
Spring 1999: Masters in Sociology/Anthropology, The American University
in Cairo (In Progress)
1995: B.A. Business Administration, Faculty of Commerce, University Ain
Shams/Cairo
1991: Diploma in Computer and Administration, Administration and Computer
Institute, Heliopolis, Cairo
Experience:
Currently Conducting fieldwork focusing on issues related to sexuality,
reproductive health and risk in the tourist destination Dahab, South Sinai,
Egypt
Spring 2000–present: Professor's assistant at the American University
in Cairo working Present on facilitating research and course preparation
as well as teaching
Jan. 2000–Jan. 2001: Research Assistant, doing fieldwork on tourism
in Egypt as part of a comprehensive research project, which includes some
Mediterranean countries
June–October 1997: Office Coordinator, The American University in Cairo,
Center Adult and Continuing Education, USAID English Language Testing and
Training Program. Administered, proctored and scored both Placement and
Proficiency (International English Language Test), both in Cairo and off-campus.
Coordinated USAID/ELTTP facility setup between vendors and the AUC (furniture,
computer, machinery). Organized as well as followed up material preparation
for the general as well as ESP courses
March–Sept. 1997: Researcher, Egyptian Small and Micro Enterprise Association
(ESMA): doing a research on Marketing and Micro Enterprise in Egypt
Sep. 1996–June 1997: Administrative Assistant, Learning Resource Center,
Maadi, Cairo, a center for Special Needs Children
Feb. 1994–July 1996: Research Assistant, Ford Foundation, Cairo Regional
Office, (part-time): working on issues of AIDS, female circumcision, abortion
and reproductive health of women; translation of news articles from Arabic
to English
March–July 1996: Research Assistant, Demographic and Health Survey
Group July 1996 (DHS), National Population Council, Cairo: "The Unmet
Need Project" Interviews and focus groups on family planning and reproductive
health in Upper Egypt (Sohag)
Fall 1994–April 1996: Research Assistant for Visiting Scholar Dr. Shahnaz
Rouse at April 1996AUC/ARCE: doing archival work on 18th-20th century women's
history and writings; translation of books from Arabic to English
April–October 1994: Executive Assistant, Elias Modern Publishing House:
Responsible for data entry, layout and design of books, revision of Arabic
publications
May 1993–Feb. 1994: Research Assistant for Dr. Kamran A. Ali Visiting
Research Associate at AUC: did field work including interviews in Upper
Egypt and Nubia; translated documents and research materials (including
books) from Arabic to English
Jan.–April 1993: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), July–Aug.
Regional Office, Cairo: Part time Data Entry; supervised audio-visual exhibition
on ICRC activities
1992–1993: Office Management and Computer Work, Mashrabiya Gallery,
Cairo
1991–1992: Research Assistant, Institut Français D'Archéologie
Orientale (IFAO) at Fustat: classified pottery pieces from different historical
periods
1991–1992: Excavations Supervisor, Fustat excavations, Egyptian Antiquities
Organization
1988–1991: Classifier, Fustat store rooms: classification of existing
pottery pieces
Conferences:
September 1997 Presentation for ESMA on Marketing and Micro Enterprise in
Egypt, Flamenco Hotel, Cairo
September 1994 Participant, ICPD (International Conference on Population
and Development), Cairo
Supervisor, ICPD booth for Population Action International, a Washington
-D.C. based NGO
May 1994: Participant, World Health Organization AIDS Conference, Semiramis
Hotel, Cairo
Publications:
Marketing and Micro Enterprise in Egypt, ESMA publications, Cairo 1997
P.Swarnalatha
UGC Post-doctoral Research Associate, Department of History,
University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
E-mail: pslatha@rediffmail.com
Society: „Dancing Girls" and Social Transformation
in Colonial Andhra
Nineteenth Century Andhra (in southern India)
was characterized by social and cultural changes effected by colonial economic
policies. In the post 1850 period, Andhra society witnessed the emergence
of capitalism and commercialization in the agrarian economy. These not only
led to transformations in the social structure, but also contributed to
intellectual ferment, and the creation of new world views. Processes of
urbanization created a new space for the dancing girls extending beyond
their traditional location within the caste / gender hierarchies.
The de-industrialization of the craft and artisanal economy also had its
impact on the community of prostitutes or dancing girls as they were called.
This paper investigates the late colonial origins of the debates that set
the ways and means to articulate the concept of sexuality in British India.
It deals with the discourses that ally closely with the anti-colonial policies
in defining the sexuality of 'dancing girls' / prostitutes and thereby (re)constructed
the space for the prostitutes within the emerging socio-economic context
of colonial India.
In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in India, different versions
of female emancipation came to be tied to ideas of national liberation and
cultural regeneration. Middle class reforms undertaken on behalf of women
were tied up with the self-definition and identity of this class. A new
cultural materialism evolved wherein every attempt towards identity construction
involved a re-description of women of different classes.
The paper focuses on the role played by 'reformers' and the colonial state
in relocating the space for dancing girls through a redefinition of the
dominant conception of sexuality. Such an attempt caused concern to the
everyday lives of the dancing girls or prostitutes, who voiced their protest
against these dominant morals. Literature and records express their dissent
against the whole enterprise of crafting a new morality, as well as their
opposition to the position given to them within the world constructed by
this new morality.
These process had their roots in the transformation of the political economy
and its cultural correlates. In a situation where a modern working class
was yet to emerge, and the traditional industries had collapsed, a study
of the response of different classes to the redefinition and refashioning
of sexual mores and norms yields interesting points of analysis of the social
history of colonial India.
P.Swarnalatha
Brief Biodata
My major area of interest and specialization is in the area of social and
economic history of modern India in general, and early modern and modern
Andhra in particular. I have been working in the broad area of history and
sociology of textiles, for over a decade since 1986 and my main contribution
has been in this area. My Ph.D thesis was on „The World of the Weaver
in the Northern Coromandel c.1750-c.1850". The thesis dealt with among
other issues, the trade routes for coromandel cloth on the demand side;
the indigenous consumption patterns within the country; and the manufacturing
process of textiles from „fibre to fabric". I have continued to
work in this area attempting to trace the global and internal ramifications
of colonial impact on textile trade, social changes and movements among
communities involved in the textile sector, and on consumption patterns.
On the basis of my work in textile history I was awarded the U.K.Travel
Grant, 1994, by the Cambridge-Nehru Trust for Indian Collections at the
Victoria and Albert Museum, London to conduct research on „Cultural
and Consumption Patterns of Coromandel Cloth in Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Century Europe", at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Among other
things, the research attempted to find out the social and cultural reasons
behind the continuous demand for Indian textiles in Europe. Based on the
data collected from the museum I am presently working on a comprehensive
bibliography on the history of European Costumes, and on the cultural factors
influencing the consumption patterns and demand for Indian Textiles.
I am currently working in the area of gender studies for my UGC Research
Associateship at the University of Mumbai on the topic „THE CULTURAL
WORLD OF WOMEN IN COLONIAL ANDHRA, 1800-1920". The study deals with
the issue of cultural construction of gender, and I am exploring this theme,
with special reference to the Andhra (Telugu speaking) region of the Madras
Presidency, during the 19th and 20th centuries. The implications of colonialism
for the divergent ways in which the social reform and nationalist movements
approached the issue of gender is a major focus. The study also seeks to
find out the impact of colonialism and concomitant changes on women belonging
to different classes.
I was commissioned to do a monograph in the form of a status report on the
„Handloom Industry in India", while employed as a Senior Research
Associate by the PPST Foundation, for Coordinating the Textiles Section
of the Congress on Traditional Sciences and Technologies held at Indian
Institute of Technology, Bombay in December 1993. The monograph attempted
to collate existing data and reports on the handloom industry in India,
while highlighted major issues of concern.
I am presently working as a UGC Part-Time Post-Doctoral Research Associate
at the Department of History, University of Mumbai, Mumbai (since April
29 1999). Earlier I worked as a Lecturer in History (temporary) in the Department
of History, University of Hyderabad between Jan.1993 and June 1998.
Research, New Delhi. The award was availed during May 23 to June 18,1994.
Some Recent Selected publications/research papers
Book
The World of the Weaver in the Northern Coromandel: 1750-1850 (forthcoming
from Orient Longman Limited)
Papers Presented:
1 „Indigenous Knowledge and the Construction of Colonial Science: A
case study of textile industry", paper presented at the workshop on
Indigenous Science and Technology, Department of History, University of
Mumbai, 20-22 September 2000
2 „‚Sartorial Mimicry‘: European Apparels and Accessories
in Colonial Andhra: Images and Reflections in Telugu Literature" prepared
and presented at the 52nd Annual Conference of the Association of Asian
Studies, held in San Diego, USA, between 9-12 March, 2000
3 ‚Conflict, Control and State: Water Resource Management in Andhra:
c1790-1805,‘ Conference on ‚Ecological History and Traditions‘,
Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, 27-29 March, 1997.
4 ‚Agrarian Relations in Late 18th Century Andhra‘, National Seminar
on ‚Agrarian Conditions in Andhra Desa, 17th and 18th Centuries‘,
Department of History, Osmania University, 14-15 March, 1997.
5. `Literature, Reform and Dissent: Perceptions on Dancing Girls', National
Seminar on `Literature and Protest: Perceptions on Oppressed Social Groups',
Department of History, 18-20 March, 1995.
Monograph
1. `Handloom Industry in India: A Status Report' Congress on Traditional
Sciences and Technologies of India. I.I.T, Bombay, 28 November to 2 December
1993.
2. Project Report - ‚Child Labour in the Slate Industry, Markapur‘
(Co-author), 1992
Publications:
1. 'Revolt, Testimony, Petition: Artisanal Protests in Colonial Andhra',
article for Special Volume on Petitions in Social History, International
Review of Social History, (forthcoming)
2. (With P.Sudhir) `Textile Traders and Territorial Imperatives: Masulipatnam,
1750 -1850', Indian Economic and Social History Review, 29,2 (1992) 145-169.
Ljubow Kusnezowa
Institute of Sociolodgy, St. Petersburg, 198005, Russia
E-mail: lu_soc@mail.ru, ego@sociology.nw.ru
Sexualpolitik in Russand in den 20er Jahren des
20. Jahrhunderts
In den 20er Jahren dieses Jahrhundetrs versuchte
die neue Regierung Russlands, eine Sexualpolitik des Arbeitern-Bauern-Staates
herauszuarbeiten. Ausschlaggebend war fuer diese Versuche eine einschlaegige
These von Friedrich Engels. In den revolutionaeren Phasen gesellschaftlicher
Entwicklung kommt naemlich die Frage einer „freien Liebe", d.
h. freizuegiger Geschlechtsverhaeltnisse in Vordergrund. Einige fassen dies
als ein Fortschritt aus, in dem alte Verbindlichkeiten bzw. Abhaengigkeiten
abgebaut werden. Andere moechten mit dieser These Laxheit und Normlosigkeit
in sexuellen Beziehungen begruenden. In Russland der 20er Jahren liess sich
auch eine allgemeine, unter anderem politische Besessenheit mit Geschlechtsfragen
beobachten. An der diesbezueglichen Diskussion haben sozialistische Fuehrer
wie W. Lenin, A. Kollontai, N. Lunatscharskij u. a. teilgenommen. Geschlechtafragen
wurden zum Agenda von Partei- und Gewerkschaftsversammlungen gemacht. Dadurch
hat sich die weiterte Bevoekerungsschichten in dieser Diskussion engagiert.
Die Bolscheviks verliessen sich darauf, dass mit die angestrebte Gleichsstellung
und Gleichberechtigkeit automatisch zur Ueberwindung der Abhaengiegkeit
von Frauen fuehern wuerden. Dies wuerde bedeuten, dass oekonomische Gruende
von Prostitution und oekonomisch motivierter bzw. erzwungener Eheschliessungen
entfallen wuerden. Zur Umsetzung eines entsprechnden politischen Programms
wurde das vorherige Familienrecht abgeschafft sowie die Homosexualitaet
entkriminalisiert. Diese Umsetzung wurde durch zahlreiche soziologische
Studien begleitet, deren wichtigter Schwerpunkt sexuelle Verhaeltnisse der
Arbeiter war.
Diese Studien wurden in mehreren Staedten Russlands durch M. Barosch (1925),
N. Efimov (1926), V. Ketlinskaja & V. Slepkov (1929) und andere durchgefuehrt.
Die Annahmender Bolscheviks haben sich jedoch nicht bewahrheitet. Im Zeitraum
von 10 Jahren hat sich die Absage an alte Werte und Normen durch keine Entstehung
einer neuen Wertestruktur begeitet. Es entsanden eher anomische, wert- und
normlose Zustaende und Verhaltnisse. Die Etablierung des totlitaeren politischen
Regimes in den 30 Jahren lief auf die Ausschliessung jeglicher individuellen
Freiheiten hinaus. Sygmunt Freuds Sublimationsthese wurde zum Anlass fuer
A. Salkinds 12 Gebote sexuellen Lebens der Arbeiterklasse genommen. Laut
dieser Gebote sollte sexuelle Energie der Arbeiter in deren Produktionsleistungen
zur Gestaltung der kommunistischen Gesellschaft umgeleitet werden. Sexualitaet
war nicht mehr Thema in Schulunterricht, Forschung und oeffentlicher Diskussion.
Homosexualitaet wurde erneunt kriminalisiert, und Abtreibungen wurden strafbar
gemacht.
Lyubov Kuznetsova
Professional education :
1983-1988 - Pedagogical Institute of Mari Al Republic,History Department
(Ioshkar-Ola).
1993-1996 - Post-graduate school at the Institute of Sociolodgy Russian
Academy of Sciences (St.-Petersburg)
1997 - Republican Centre of Humanitarian Education (University), high corses
Social and
Economic Sciences Department (teaching in Sociology of Family and Sexuality)(Moscow).
1999 - Defended a thesis (Ph.D.) on „Trends of sexual behavior of Russian
urban population
on the edge of XIX-XX centuries" (St.-Petersburg).
Professional experience:
1996 - Researcher group „Sociology of Family, Gender and Sexual Relations"
in the
Institute of Sociolodgy Russian Academy of Sciences.
1991-1992 - Scholarsheep in the Institute of Sociolodgy Russian Academy
of Sciences.
1988-1990 - Researcher, the Sector of Sociology, Institute of History,Literature
and Sociology Mari Al Republic (Ioschkar-Ola).
Berthold Unfried
Historiker, Wien
berthold.unfried@univie.ac.at
Sexualität im Diskurs von „Kritik und
Selbstkritik" in der Sowjetunion der 30er Jahre
Die sowjetische Praxis, in Parteisitzungen „Kritik
und Selbstkritik" zu üben und damit die Person des Parteikaders
vor dem Kollektiv zu veröffentlichen, hat umfangreiche Protokolle hinterlassen,
die sich heute in den Archiven finden. Diese Protokolle sind Quellen ersten
Ranges nicht nur für sowjetische Sozialkontrolle und Repression, sondern
für fast alle Bereiche des Alltagslebens. Die in diesen Sitzungsprotokollen
angesprochenen Themen sind nicht nur, und auch nicht in erster Linie, „politisch"
in einem engen Sinn. Sie decken alle Lebensbereiche ab. Nicht selten kam
auch Themen zur Sprache, die in unserem Verständnis zu der „Privatsphäre"
gehören. Sexualität kam unter den Schlagworten „unbolschewistisches
Verhalten zu Frauen" (Behandeln der Frau als Objekt und nicht als Genossin)
und „kleinbürgerlicher Individualismus" (promiskuitive sexuelle
Beziehungen, unverantwortliche Vernachlässigung der Familie, deviantes
sexuelles Verhalten wie Homosexualität) zur Sprache. Ungeregeltes sexuelles
Verhalten galt als Gefährung der Parteiarbeit und der Erziehung in
diesem Punkt wurde entprechende Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. In Parteisitzungen
konnte diese Erziehung die Form von „Kritik" seitens von weiblichen
Parteimitgliedern und von „Selbstkritik" ihrer männlichen
Genossen annehmen.
Welche Geschlechterrollen sollten in diesen Diskursen anerzogen werden?
Welches Verhältnis von „privat" und „öffentlich"
artikulieren sie? Was erfahren wir über Sexualität im Alltag von
Parteimitgliedern? Diese Fragen sollen anhand der Dokumente von „Kritik
und Selbstkritik" erörtert werden.
Berthold Unfried
Publikationen zur Kulturgeschichte des Stalinismus und zu Praktiken der
Selbstthematisierung wie "Selbstkritik"
und Parteiautobiographie, zuletzt des Buches: Der stalinistische Parteikader.
Identitätsstiftende Praktiken und Diskurse in der Sowjetunion der dreißiger
Jahre, Köln-Weimar 2001 (zus. mit Brigitte Studer).
Gegenwärtiger Arbeitsschwerpunkt zu institutionalisierten Formen der
Selbstthematisierung von der Beichte bis zur Selbstkritik.
Ruth Gutermann
Studentin, Wien
a9302424@unet.univie.ac.at
Frauen und Sexualitätsdebatten in
der anarchistischen Presse in Spanien 1923-1937
„Vielleicht aber gibt es einen anderen Grund dafür, warum es für
uns so einträglich ist, die Beziehungen des Sexes und der Macht in
Begriffen der Unterdrückung zu formulieren: das, was man den Gewinn
des Sprechers nennen könnte. Wenn der Sex unterdrückt wird, wenn
er dem Verbot, der Nichtexistenz und dem Schweigen ausgeliefert ist, so
hat schon die einfache Tatsache, vom Sex und seiner Unterdrückung zu
sprechen, etwas von einer entschlossenen Überschreitung. Wer diese
Sprache spricht, entzieht sich bis zu einem gewissen Punkt der Macht, er
kehrt das Gesetz um und antizipiert ein kleines Stück der künftigen
Freiheit."
Der Zeitraum zwischen der Gründung des anarchosyndikalistischen Gewerkschaftsbundes
CNT 1910 und dem Ende des Spanischen Bürgerkriegs war für die
Konsolidierung der Bewegung und ihre Positionierung im späteren Bürgerkrieg
von großer Bedeutung. Eine herausragende Rolle dabei spielte zweifelsohne
die große Anzahl der anarchistischen Zeitschriften, die verschiedenste
ideologische Aspekte der Bewegung beleuchteten. Die Inhalte sollten sowohl
die intellektuelle Elite als auch die ArbeiterInnenschaft ansprechen, die
meist nicht einmal selbst des Lesens mächtig war, was den Publikationen
ihre charakteristische Form verleiht. Der Glaube an eine progressive und
aufklärerische Wissenschaft war für die Bewegung der Dreh- und
Angelpunkt der „authentischen" Revolution - mit ihr sollten die
„Irrationalitäten" der politischen und sozialen Autoritäten
wie z.B. Parteien, Kirche und Militär bekämpft werden.
In meiner Studie ziehe ich aus der Vielzahl der erschienenen anarchistischen
Zeitschriften zwei - „Estudios. Revista ecléctica" (1928-1937)
und „La Revista Blanca" (1923-1936) - als Quellen heran um die
Konstruktionen von Sexualität nachzuzeichnen. Diese manifestieren sich
in oberflächlich betrachtet so verschieden erscheinenden Themenkomplexen
wie der weiblichen Emanzipation, der freien Liebe, der Reproduktion, der
Erziehung, der Familie bzw. der Diskussion um die Ehe, der Geschlechtskrankheiten,
der Eugenik und des Neomalthusianismus.
Interessant dabei erscheint die spezifische Form der permanenten Verknüpfungen
der Themenbereiche. Vor allem die Debatte um die Frauenemanzipation, die
in dieser Zeit in den anarchistischen Organisationen einen wichtigen Stellenwert
hatte und sehr konfliktiv diskutiert wurde, kommt immer wieder auf die Frage
nach der Form sexueller Beziehungen zurück. Frauen wurde Sexualität
zugesprochen und das war gleichzeitig der politische Auftrag diese „frei"
auszuleben.
Die Untersuchung der LeserInnenbrief-Rubriken, die fester Bestandteil der
Zeitschriften sind, soll noch einmal die Frage nach der „Alltagswelt"
und ihrer diskursiven Durchdringung aufwerfen.
Die Rede über Sexualität war emanzipatorisches Politikum, das
einerseits dazu gebraucht wurde das herrschenden (Geschlechter-)System anzugreifen
und andererseits Utopien einer revolutionären Gesellschaft zu schaffen.
Ruth Gutermann
Seit Wintersemester 1993/94 Studium der Geschichte und Politikwissenschaft
an der Universität Wien
1994-1995
Seit WiSe 1994/95 Mitarbeit in der Studienrichtungsvertretung Geschichte:
Mitglied der StuKo Geschichte und der IK Geschichte und Zeitgeschichte,
Mitarbeit an der StrV-Zeitschrift Geschichte-Info, Studienberatung, Leitung
mehrerer Erstsemestrigentutorien
Studienjahr 1994/95 Leitung eines Frauentutoriums (nach Ausbildung im Rahmen
des Tutoriumsprojektes der ÖH im Sommer 1994)
WiSe 1996/97 Studienwechsel auf Geschichte und Fächerkombination (Politikwissenschaften,
Zeitgeschichte, Gender-Studies)
1997
Mai Wahl zur ÖH-Vertreterin, Vorsitzende der StrV-Geschichte (bis Mai
1999)
SoSe 1997 Leitung eines Fachtutoriums zur Überblicksvorlesung Neuere
Geschichte von Prof. Michael Weinzierl
1998-1999
April Abschluß des 1. Studienabschnitts Fächerkombination
September Ausgezeichneter Abschluß des 1. Studienabschnitts Geschichte
Studienjahr 1998/99 Erasmusaufenthalt in Salamanca/Spanien
2000-2001
September-November 00 Praktikum im Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen
Widerstandes, Rechtsextremismusarchiv
Juni 00-Mai 01 Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin des Filmprojektes „Zwangsarbeit
für die Steyr-Werke. Das Konzentrationsnebenlager Steyr-Münichholz"
in Zusammenarbeit mit Mag. Leonhard Weidinger
2001
August-Mai Tätigkeit im Rahmen eines freien Dienstvertrags in der Österreichischen
Nationalbibliothek, Zeitschriftenabteilung
Mai-Juli Forschungsaufenthalt in Madrid/Spanien für die Diplomarbeit
August Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin im Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen
Widerstandes, Rechtsextremismusarchiv - Aufbau einer Online-Datenbank
seit April 2002 Diplomarbeit „Frauen und Sexualitätsdebatten in
der anarchistischen Presse in Spanien 1923-1937" unter Betreuung von
Prof. Friedrich Edelmayer und Prof. Gabriella Hauch.
Narges Erami
Dept. of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York,
USA
email: ne52@columbia.edu
Economies of Pleasure and Laws of
Desire: Temporary Marriage in Post-Revolutionary Iran
This paper will explore the seeming paradoxicality of
a so-called „theocratic" state, the Islamic Republic of Iran,
sanctioning sexual pleasure pursued extramaritally (that is, beyond the
bounds of nikah, or permanent marriage). Since the early 1990s, the Iranian
leadership has proposed a solution on the subject of unfulfilled sexual
needs, though such practices as prostitution and adultery have been harshly
adjudicated since the Revolution, the leadership proposes an alternative
with a long history in Shi‘i Islamic law: temporary marriage (known
as mut‘a or sigheh). Temporary marriage is a religiously sanctioned
institution that permits a couple to have sexual relations; its duration
can be as short as a night. This urgency for temporary marriage to be accepted
as a meritorious act that can prevent Iranian youth - as well as women widowed
by the 1980-88 war with Iraq - from being tempted into sinful promiscuity
is now being practiced between carpet-weaving women and the overseers who
employ them.
The paradoxicality begins to melt away - though never entirely - upon recognition
that temporary unions work under an economy of pleasure that as normatively
construed does not interfere with the matrimonial laws of Shi‘i Islam
and their jurisprudence. Such an economy of pleasure is greatly at odds
with typical ‚Western‘ characterizations of post-Revolutionary
Iran. Indeed, when temporary marriage is treated in foreign accounts (even
those from Sunni Muslims of the Arab world who consider mut‘a a perversion
of Islamic law), it appears as an oddity, perhaps a peculiar vestige of
ancient marital practices from a less individualistic era. But the logic
of temporary marriage is part and parcel of a larger structural logic of
sexual relations under Shi‘i Islamic doctrine. This larger logic makes
it possible for ulama‘ to decry prostitution and adultery as punishable
by death but simultaneously to find juridical grounds for temporary marriage,
even to ideologize mut‘a as a virtuous institution in stark opposition
to „Western sexual decadence." This „hydraulic" model
of desire, emerges alongside - and interpenetrates - historically contingent
logics of capitalism. This paper will highlight such an economy with a look
at the lives of carpet-weaving women and their attitudes towards the union
of temporary marriage, a religiously and socially accepted practice that
has led to complicated power dynamics.
Narges Erami
Curriculum Vitae
Educational Background
2003 (expected) Ph.D., Cultural Anthropology, Columbia University, New York,
NY
2001 M. Phil, Cultural Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY
1998 M.A., Middle Eastern Studies.University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (Studied
state formation, trade, and national identity in 18th-20th Century Iran).
1996 B.S., Cultural Anthropology. Cum Laude, GPA: 3.75.University of California
at Riverside, Riverside, CA
Research Experience
6/99-8/99 Columbia University Scheps Research Fellowship, Qum and Kashan,
Iran
Conducted preliminary ethnographic research on the production and commodification
of Persian rugs. Studied legal, commercial, and cultural aspects of rug
production.
6/97-8/97 Gender Studies Project, American Institute of Yemeni Studies,
Sana‘a, Yemen
Selected as NMERTA research fellow in joint project between University of
Chicago and Sana‘a University. Conducted interviews and surveys with
cross-section of Yemeni citizens regarding the role of women in the political
process. Worked with local counterparts to collate data and present findings.
6/96-8/96 Independent research project, Qum and Tehran, Iran
Conducted fieldwork on gender and politics in post-Revolutionary Iran.
Funded by University of California President‘s Undergraduate Fellowship.
6/95-6/96 Independent project with Prof. Piya Chatterjee, Univ. of California,
Riverside
Pursued research on theoretical approaches to political economy.
1/95-6/95 Independent project with Prof. Paul Gelles, Univ. of California,
Riverside
Assisted professor in analyzing census information for a population demographic
project on Latin America.
Professional Experience
9/00-pres Steering committee, Islamic Studies Reading Room, Butler Library,
Columbia
University.
9/00-8/01 Research Assistant, Prof. Nicholas Dirks, Chair of Anthropology,
Columbia Univ.
Assist in historical research on British East India Company trading activities.
1/00-6/00 Teaching Assistant, Anthro 3009, Prof. K. Zirbel, Columbia University
Assisted teaching of „Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East and North
Africa." Led discussion sections and graded research papers.
9/99-12/99 Teaching Assistant, Anthro G4201, Prof. E. Marakowitz, Columbia
University
Assisted teaching of „Principles and Applications of Social and Cultural
Anthropology," core course for master‘s students in anthropology.
9/97-6/98 Persian Bibliographer, Joseph L. Regenstein Library, Univ. of
Chicago
Responsible for maintaining Persian-language holdings at major research
library. Duties included requesting and processing new acquisitions and
arranging transactions with international publishing houses.
9/97-6/98 Teaching Assistant, Persian 201 and 204, Prof. John Perry, University
of Chicago
Assisted first- and second-year Persian classes with weekly review sessions.
Assigned and grade homework, drilled students on vocabulary and grammar.
Honors and Awards
· Wenner-Gren Pre-Doctoral Grant for Anthropological Research, 2001-2
· Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowship,
2001-2
· Title VI FLAS Fellowship (alternate) for study of legal Persian,
Summer 2000
· Scheps Research Fellowship, Columbia University, Summer 1999
· Faculty Fellowship (four-year full fellowship), Columbia University,
1998
· Title VI FLAS Fellowship for study of intermediate Arabic, Summer
1997
· University of California President‘s Undergraduate Fellowship,
1996
Papers Presented
· „Trade Secrets: Crafting Bazaari Autonomy in the Post-Revolutionary
Iranian Carpet Industry," Invited Paper, Presented at the CASPIC Graduate
Student Conference on the Middle East, University of Chicago, May 2001
· „Weaving Words: The Story of Carpet Weaving," Faculty
of Social Science, University of Tehran, Iran (July 2000)
· „Making Women Heard: Oral Testimony on Gender Roles in Contemporary
Yemeni Politics," Middle East History and Theory Workshop, University
of Chicago (Nov. 1997)
· „Revolution and Evolution: University Women in Iran since
1979," Roundtable of University of California President‘s Undergraduate
Fellowship recipients, University of California, Riverside (May 1996)
Jafari Sinclaire Allen
Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, USA
jsa35@columbia.edu
Unruly Black Bodies: Power, Culture, Ideology,
And the Making of Afro Cuban Male Sexualities
Since the 1959 Revolution, the Cuban government has marshaled
an expressly raced, sexed, and ideologically singular hegemonic masculine
sexuality, in order to constitute and defend the Socialist nation-state.
This paper discusses both (1) discourse, and on-the-ground policies and
practices, deployed to discipline what was long seen as out-of-control male
sexuality; and (2) various strategies and tactics employed to resist these
rationalities. It demonstrates ways in which these practices and rhetorics
have (are) changed (changing).
This paper is about the variety of ways in which AfroCuban men receive,
resist and (tactically) re-inscribe hegemonic masculine sexuality.
Black male bodies were cast as both the major beneficiary of, and most unruly
obstacles to the creation of Cuban Revolutionary society-- incommensurable
with both the image of the militarized and hypermasculine „New Man,"
and the harsh disciplines demanded by Soviet Stalinism. Excerpted from my
dissertation (researched over a three-year period in Havana and Santiago),
this paper illustrates the lived tensions between social disciplines, and
the „workings of the imagination" (Appadurai 1996). It will show,
through social history, theory, and ethnography, myriad ways in which Socialist
discourses and policies on and around sexuality (and gender) articulate
with those on race/color. Below are two examples.
Interned in a UMAP (Military Units to Aid Productivity) camp with men who
have (or were assumed to have had) sex with men in the 1970's, reportedly
for his choice to wear tight pants and an Afro in the style of African-Americans-Juan‘s
(48) story of life inside this infamous institution points to the ways in
which the machinery of the State recognizes/mis-recognizes various „dangerous"
instantiations of „difference." 19-year-old Raúl, turns
Foucault on his head by reflexively using a confessional strategy-- his
admission and „diagnosis" of homosexuality names for his family,
his doctor and therefore for the State, his difference, which is only facilely
subsumed under „sexuality."
Jafari Sinclaire Allen
Education
Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Ph.D. Candidate, Program in Social/Cultural Anthropology
Department of Anthropology
M.Phil., Social/Cultural Anthropology May 2001
Department of Anthropology
La Universidad de la Habana, La Habana, Cuba
Cuba Language School Intermediate Spanish Course, summer 1998
Certificate of Completion- Cuban Spanish Language Program
Gallatin School of Individualized Study, New York University
M.A., Magna Cum Laude Anthropology/Africana Studies concentration 1998
University Honors Scholar
Honors and Awards
Institute for Latin American & Iberian Studies/ US Dept. of Ed.
Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Grant, Summer 2001
Scheps Family Summer Travel Grant
Travel Grant for Preliminary Research, Summer 1999
National Science Foundation (NSF)
NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, 1998-2001
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Columbia University
Faculty Fellow
Teaching Experience
Florida International University, Spring 2002
Gender Studies; Anthropology/Sociology; African-New World Studies; L.A.
Studies
Visiting Scholar, Class/Race/Sexuality in Cuba
Florida International University, African-New World Studies Fall 2001
Visiting Scholar, Introduction To Africana Studies: Culture/Power/History/Agency
Columbia University, Department of Anthropology Fall 2000
Teaching Assistant, Critical Social Theory: A View from Anthropology
Current Research
Imagining New Men: Culture/Power/History and Change in AfroCuba
Currently Dissertating. Sherry B. Ortner, Ph.D., Chair
Ethnographically and historically tracing racialized notions and practices
of Cuban masculinity in relation to changing state policies and informal
cultural politics.
Publications
„Between the Devil . . . but the Deep Blue Sea: (Sex) Tourism, Development,
and HIV Risk Among Sex Workers in La Habana, Cuba." In, HIV and Development.
United Nations Research Institute on Social Development (UNRISD). In Press
„Black Diaspora Genealogies from ‚Niggernicity‘ to Manifold
Futures" In Boyce Davies, et. al., Decolonizing the Academy: Diaspora
Theory and African-New World Studies.
Africa New World Press. 2001
„Working In Multicultural Coalitions: Some Tips," In Amnesty International
Southern Regional Office Membership Handbook, Summer 1994
Workshop Topics and Presentations (selections)
And the Children Went Up: Erotics of Transcendence in a Black Gay Context
The Future of African-American Studies. Harvard University, December 2000
Breaking Taboo: (Theorizing) Sex and Sexualities in African Diasporas
Session Organizer; Presenter
American Anthropological Association (ABA Reviewed), San Francisco November
2000
Notes on theory, Discourse and Practice in African Diasporas
Works-In-Progress Series, Africa-New World Studies Program
Florida International University, Miami, Florida. May 2000
The Myth of „Black Macho" in Cuba
(The) Rhetoric(s) of Masculinity(s) Conference
Universidad de Sevilla. March 2000
Genealogies of Black and Latina/o Sexualities
Organizer, Erotic (As) Power: Genealogies of Black and Latina/o Sexualities
New York University Department of Africana Studies. April 1998
Professional Organizations
· Latin American Studies Association (LASA)
· American Anthropological Association (AAA)